https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

Keywords: a Vocabulary of Culture and Society

Language style is one of the most challenging aspects of sociolinguistic variation. The basic principle of language style is that an individual speaker does not always talk in the same way on all occasions. Style means that speakers have alternatives or choices — a ‘that way’ which could have been chosen instead of a ‘this way’. Speakers talk in different ways in different situations, and these different ways of speaking can carry different social meanings.

Language Style as Audience Design

A sociolinguistics of globalization

1. Introduction Suzanne Romaine 2. Vocabulary John Algeo 3. Syntax David Denison 4. Onomastics Richard Coates 5. Phonology Michael K. C. MacMahon 6. English grammar and usage Edward Finegan 7. Literary language Sylvia Adamson Glossary of linguistic terms Bibliography Index.

/pdf/the-cambridge-history-of-the-english-language-1njwa1s2jd.pdf

The Cambridge history of the English language

1. Where have All the Languages Gone 2. A World of Diversity 3. Lost Words / Lost Worlds 4. The Ecology of Language 5. The Biological Wave 6. The Economic Wave 7. Why Something Should be Done 8. Sustainable Futures References and Further Reading Bibliography Index

Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages

Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between society and language. Suzanne Romaine has written a lively and readable introduction to the field, covering both traditional and more recent issues such as language and gender, language in education, pidgins and creoles, and language change, drawing on examples from cultures all over the world. The text is suitable for first-year students studying on introductory courses, both general introductions to linguistics and to sociolinguistics, and for the general reader interested in language issues.

Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

It can be seen here that like functions much in the same way as the verb say does in introducing reported speech. In both these examples a form of the verb be followed by like alternates with say, and where be + like occurs, it appears paraphrasable by say with no apparent change in referential meaning. However, we will qualify this considerably in the course of our analysis, because in many, if not most cases, discourses introduced by be + like can also represent internal thought, as Butters (1982) noted. In (3), for example, it is not certain that the speaker actually SAID "no." Rather, the hearer is invited to infer that this is what the speaker was thinking or saying to himself as the girl approached.

The Use of like as a Marker of Reported Speech and Thought: A Case of Grammaticalization in Progress

As the world grows less biologically diverse, it is becoming less linguistically and culturally diverse as well. Biologists estimate annual loss of species at 1,000 times or more greater than historic rates, and linguists predict that 50–90% of the world’s languages will disappear by the end of this century. Prior studies indicate similarities in the geographic arrangement of biological and linguistic diversity, although conclusions have often been constrained by use of data with limited spatial precision. Here we use greatly improved datasets to explore the co-occurrence of linguistic and biological diversity in regions containing many of the Earth’s remaining species: biodiversity hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas. Results indicate that these regions often contain considerable linguistic diversity, accounting for 70% of all languages on Earth. Moreover, the languages involved are frequently unique (endemic) to particular regions, with many facing extinction. Likely reasons for co-occurrence of linguistic and biological diversity are complex and appear to vary among localities, although strong geographic concordance between biological and linguistic diversity in many areas argues for some form of functional connection. Languages in high biodiversity regions also often co-occur with one or more specific conservation priorities, here defined as endangered species and protected areas, marking particular localities important for maintaining both forms of diversity. The results reported in this article provide a starting point for focused research exploring the relationship between biological and linguistic–cultural diversity, and for developing integrated strategies designed to conserve species and languages in regions rich in both.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/21/8032.full.pdf

Suzanne Romaine

Papers

The Cambridge history of the English language

Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages

Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

The Use of like as a Marker of Reported Speech and Thought: A Case of Grammaticalization in Progress

Co-occurrence of linguistic and biological diversity in biodiversity hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas