抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Soil Chemical Analysis

The global decline in estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) is affecting a number of critical benefits, or ecosystem services. We review the main ecological services across a variety of ECEs, including marshes, mangroves, nearshore coral reefs, seagrass beds, and sand beaches and dunes. Where possible, we indicate estimates of the key economic values arising from these services, and discuss how the natural variability of ECEs impacts their benefits, the synergistic relationships of ECEs across seascapes, and management implications. Although reliable valuation estimates are beginning to emerge for the key services of some ECEs, such as coral reefs, salt marshes, and mangroves, many of the important benefits of seagrass beds and sand dunes and beaches have not been assessed properly. Even for coral reefs, marshes, and mangroves, important ecological services have yet to be valued reliably, such as cross-ecosystem nutrient transfer (coral reefs), erosion control (marshes), and pollution control (mangroves). An important issue for valuing certain ECE services, such as coastal protection and habitat-fishery linkages, is that the ecological functions underlying these services vary spatially and temporally. Allowing for the connectivity between ECE habitats also may have important implications for assessing the ecological functions underlying key ecosystems services, such coastal protection, control of erosion, and habitat-fishery linkages. Finally, we conclude by suggesting an action plan for protecting and/or enhancing the immediate and longer-term values of ECE services. Because the connectivity of ECEs across land-sea gradients also influences the provision of certain ecosystem services, management of the entire seascape will be necessary to preserve such synergistic effects. Other key elements of an action plan include further ecological and economic collaborative research on valuing ECE services, improving institutional and legal frameworks for management, controlling and regulating destructive economic activities, and developing ecological restoration options.

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/10-1510.1

The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services

Recording of presentation introducing narrative analysis, outlining what it is, why it can be a useful approach, how to do it and where to find out more. Presentation given at methods@manchester seminar at University of Manchester on 4 March 2010.

What is Narrative Analysis

Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor in Ramganga river, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. This is the first photographic record and northern most distribution of Lesser Flamingo from India. 

/pdf/photographic-record-of-lesser-flamingo-phoeniconaias-minor-5dkeo5qsr4.pdf

Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) in Ramganga river, Bareilly, India

Impact of management practices on the tropical riverine grasslands of Brahmaputra floodplains: Implications for conservation

Limited information is available on the growth rates of turtles in head-starting programs. The current study provides vital information on the growth patterns of Batagur dhongoka, a critically endangered turtle inhabiting the Ganga River basin that were part of a head-starting program at Turtle Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre, Sarnath, India. Our results indicate that the post-hatchling stage shows the maximal growth with a reduced increment in the second year as compared to the first year. The study revealed a strong relationship between the weight and increments in carapace length, width and plastron length.

Growth patterns of critically endangered, head-started three-striped roofed turtle, Batagur dhongoka (Gray, 1834)

 The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) also known as the Himalayan black bear is a Vulnerable species. Its range is distributed throughout southern and eastern Asia. Here we report the first photographic evidence of the species in Kaziranga Tiger Reserve situated in the northeast of India. The photo-captured image of the species has unfolded various dimensions of conservation starting from preparation of baseline information to more systematic surveys in the whole landscape or across northeastern India.

https://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT/article/download/7660/8380

Syed Ainul Hussain

Papers

Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) in Ramganga river, Bareilly, India

Impact of management practices on the tropical riverine grasslands of Brahmaputra floodplains: Implications for conservation

Growth patterns of critically endangered, head-started three-striped roofed turtle, Batagur dhongoka (Gray, 1834)

First photographic evidence of Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus in Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, India

Determination of resource based stocking density of wild ungulates living in the floating meadows of Keibul Lamjao National Park, India