A green deposition method of zinc oxide nanoparticles using coffee leaf extraction was successfully prepared. The use of these preparation techniques is accepted by many researchers because it is nonexpensive and simple and has no environmental impact during the operation. The determination and reduction of Zn ions to ZnO NPs were characterized by using a UV-visible spectroscope. The UV-visible spectroscopy result reveals that the large band gap energy is observed in the visible region at the wavelength of 300 nm. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis confirm that the deposited nanoparticle is highly crystalline with (111), (222), and (100) planes and cubic shape structure. The coffee leaf extraction serves as a reducing agent for stability of the particle length, where its medicinal value outcome showed an important antibacteria of the pathogenic type which appeared on the wound. The present research deals with the green synthesis of ZnO NPs as well as its application in toxicity reduction.

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Green Synthesis and Characterizations of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Coffee (Coffea arabica) and Its Application in Environmental Toxicity Reduction

Silver nanoparticles in the range from 1 to 100 nm are widely used in industrial applications as catalysis, electronics, and photonics, and they have unique properties such as optical, electrical, and magnetic characteristics that can be used as antimicrobial, biosensor textile, cosmetics, composite fibers, and electronic components and to amend shelf life of food substances. The main objective of the present review was to focus on formulation methods of silver nanoparticles with recent advances and future aspects. Silver nanoparticle shows very high potential towards biological applications. Several physicals, chemical, and various biological techniques have been employed to synthesize and stabilize silver nanoparticles. For the manufacture of silver nanoparticles, multiple methods, including chemical simplification with different natural and inorganic decreasing agents, physicochemical reduction, electrochemical procedures, and radiolysis, are employed. Silver nanoparticles are the single most manufacturer-identified material that can be used in all nanotechnology products. They can be used in food packing polymers to enhance the shelf lifespan. The present review is aimed at different types of synthesis and details of silver nanoparticles used as drug delivery vehicles, antibacterial activity, toxicity, recent advances, and future aspects.

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Review on Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Method, Antibacterial Activity, Drug Delivery Vehicles, and Toxicity Pathways: Recent Advances and Future Aspects

Nanotechnology from titanium dioxide has been deposited, and its application in desalination and water treatment has been investigated by using sol-gel methods. Homogeneously dispersed sphere shape...

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Application of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Methods in Wastewater Treatment

This paper investigates the technique of biosynthesis of nanoparticles of zinc oxide from the extraction of moringa leaves. Many researchers recognize the use of this method of green culinary technique because it is cost-effective and has no negative impact on the environment; however, this paper focuses on the bacteria chosen for the green synthesis, which was not addressed by many of the researchers. The firmness and reduction of Zn ions in nanoparticles of zinc oxide were analyzed with a UV-visible spectroscope. Its results show that a wide bandgap was observed in the visible region at a wavelength of 350 nanometers. Extraction of moringa leaves serves as a promising agent for the balance of particle size. The result of medical value shows significant antibacterial activity in contrast to the type of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. From the XRD results, there are no further peaks that correspond to impurities that are discovered, demonstrating the great purity of the provided results.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Moringa Leaf Extract

Strontium doped glass was synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching technique. Systematically measured dielectric properties revealed relaxor ferroelectric-like behavior in a broad range of frequency and temperature. The glassy nature of the present sample was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. glass transition temperature, crystallization temperatures and melting temperature are determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The low frequency Raman spectra displays a Boson peak at 72 cm−1, which confirms polar clusters (PCs) formation. The present sample depicts a wide as well as diffuse peak of dielectric permittivity ε'(ω) and tangent loss tan δ. wide as well as diffuse peak shifted to the higher temperatures (from 538 K to 553 K), a typical relaxor behavior is indicated by this type of diffuse transition. The presence of polar clusters (PCs) imbedded in the glass matrix indicates the presence of relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) behavior in this glass. The measured energy storage density of the strontium doped glass was 4 mJ.cm−3 with efficiency of 70% under an applied electric field of 17 kV.cm−1 at room temperature. Magnetic properties via vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) show a typical anti-ferromagnetic behavior. These results depict that the present glass can be regarded a promising candidate for designing energy storage devices. 

Exploring the energy storage density in 60Bi2O3–10SrO-30Fe2O3 lead-free relaxor glass for designing energy storage devices

Thin films of zinc sulfide (ZnS) with different concentrations of zinc acetate have been made by chemical bath deposition technique in acidic medium (pH = 5) on glass substrate using zinc acetate and sodium sulfide as sources of Zn+2 ion and S−2 ion, respectively, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate as complexing agents and sulfuric acid to adjust pH value at a constant deposition temperature of 85°C, and the deposition time of 90 minutes was used. The effect of the concentration of metallic precursor on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of chemical bath deposited zinc sulfide thin films was investigated in this study. The XRD result confirmed mixed phases of crystalline and amorphous structure dominating other phases, which is witnessed by larger crystallite size than other phases. It reveals that the thin films had hexagonal structure at the medium concentration with preferred orientation along (111) plane, and at lower and higher concentration, it showed that film has an amorphous structure in nature. The crystallinity of all the phases significantly enlarged with increasing the zinc precursor concentration. The SEM micrographs showed high-pitched edged irregular-shaped grains covering the substrate with pinholes and bangs. The optical properties investigated by the UV-VIS spectrometer specified a decrease in the optical bandgap of the films between 3.5 eV and 2.6 eV as the zinc acetate concentration in the solution increased from 0.1 to 0.2 M. It showed that the zinc sulfide had high absorption in the UV radiation. The main finding of this paper is that metallic precursor concentration has a significant role in the optical, morphological, and microstructural properties of the cobalt sulfide thin films, which are most suitable for photovoltaic applications.

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Studying the Effect of Metallic Precursor Concentration on the Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties of Zinc Sulfide Thin Films in Photovoltaic Cell Applications

The melt-quenching technique was used to produce 39CdO–10Al2O3-(51-x) P2O5: xMnO glasses (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 wt.%). Various stability factors were calculated and presented from DTA analysis. The stability of the glass network appears to increase with the increase of MnO concentration, according to the findings. IR spectral analysis of these glasses exhibited several symmetrical and asymmetrical bands due to phosphate groups. The observed change in these band intensities with the rise in MnO concentrations, ranging from 0.1 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%, shows an increase in the stability of the glass network. Optical absorption analyses of these glasses revealed an absorption band that shifted from 500 to 488 nm as the concentration of manganese oxide (MnO) increased from 0.1 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%, indicating that Mn2+ ions were gradually converted into Mn3+ ions. EPR spectra of these glasses were characterized by two signals due to Mn2+ and Mn3+ ions. Observations on these signal intensity variations revealed an increase in stability of the glass network with the increase of MnO concentration from 0.1 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. Parameters, which describe the insulating characteristics, for example, dielectric constant, e, dielectric loss, tan δ, and AC conductivity σac, were determined in relation to frequency (103 Hz to 105 Hz) and temperature (20°C to 400°C) and presented in the dielectric analysis of these glasses.

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Effect of Manganese Ions on Spectroscopic and Insulating Properties of Aluminophosphate Glasses

Decellularization, sterilization, and hemocompatibility are the main areas for biomaterials evaluation when the material is designed for medical implants. The glutaraldehyde fixation of xenogeneic pericardium graft is not fully capable of preventing implant rejection in the recipient. The decellularization process removes the cellular components from organs or tissue to form an extracellular matrix as a structural template, and this template can be used for tissue engineering applications. The decellularization can be performed by chemical, enzymatic or physical, or a combination of methods. Sterilization and hemocompatibility are essential for medical devices that come into contact with blood. The different sterilization treatments include gamma radiation, freeze-drying, ethylene oxide, peracetic acid, antibiotics, and ethanol. In this context, this study reviews the three major areas of decellularization, sterilization, and hemocompatibility of xenogeneic pericardium for tissue engineering applications. In this study, a brief overview of recent decellularization approaches and combinations such as chemical method, chemical and enzymatic method, and the physical and chemical method used to remove cellular material from the pericardium are discussed. In the different sterilization techniques, the sterilization efficiency and post sterilization results obtained by various research groups on pericardium scaffolds are discussed. Also, this review deals with in vitro hemocompatibility testing such as hemolysis, platelet adhesion, coagulation system, and activation of leucocytes for xenogeneic biomaterials. 

A Review of Current Approaches for Decellularization, Sterilization, and Hemocompatibility Testing on Xenogeneic Pericardium

In this study, the combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 was used to investigate the hemocompatibility and physicochemical properties of the native and decellularized caprine pericardium (DCP). Histology and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the DCP. The DCP was sterilized with ethanol and antibiotics, and the detergent’s residual cytotoxicity was investigated. The native pericardium and DCP were then tested for hemocompatibility and in vitro enzyme biodegradability. The histology shows no cell nuclei with intact matrix, while infrared spectroscopy shows identical peaks in DCP and native pericardium and antibiotic treatment only make DCP completely sterile. The SDS and Triton X-100 detergents are cytotoxic, and the cytotoxicity was significantly reduced by the addition of washing steps. According to the hemocompatibility study, the hemolytic indices of native and DCP are 2% and 5%. DCP showed higher degradation resistance with the trypsin enzyme than with the collagenase. Thus the scaffold created from this xenogeneic model has promising qualities that are useful for tissue engineering applications. Graphical abstract

T. Deepak

Papers

Studying the Effect of Metallic Precursor Concentration on the Structural, Optical, and Morphological Properties of Zinc Sulfide Thin Films in Photovoltaic Cell Applications

Effect of Manganese Ions on Spectroscopic and Insulating Properties of Aluminophosphate Glasses

A Review of Current Approaches for Decellularization, Sterilization, and Hemocompatibility Testing on Xenogeneic Pericardium

Investigation of hemocompatibility and physicochemical properties of acellular caprine pericardium for biomedical applications