Health At A Glance

Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges

Enabling technologies and sustainable smart cities

https://research.unl.pt/ws/files/6510703/AAkande_PCabral_PGomes_SCasteleyn_2019.pdf

The Lisbon ranking for smart sustainable cities in Europe

There has recently been a conscious push for cities across the globe to be smart and even smarter and thus more sustainable by developing and implementing big data technologies and their applications across various urban domains in the hopes of reaching the required level of sustainability and improving the living standard of citizens. Having gained momentum and traction as a promising response to the needed transition towards sustainability and to the challenges of urbanisation, smart and smarter cities as approaches to data-driven urbanism are increasingly adopting the advanced forms of ICT to improve their performance in line with the goals of sustainable development and the requirements of urban growth. One of such forms that has tremendous potential to enhance urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies in this direction is big data analytics and its application. This is due to the kind of well-informed decision-making and enhanced insights enabled by big data computing in the form of applied intelligence. However, topical studies on big data technologies and their applications in the context of smart and smarter cities tend to deal largely with economic growth and the quality of life in terms of service efficiency and betterment while overlooking and barely exploring the untapped potential of such applications for advancing sustainability. In fact, smart and smarter cities raise several issues and involve significant challenges when it comes to their development and implementation in the context of sustainability. With that in regard, this paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review and synthesis of the field of smart and smarter cities in relation to sustainability and related big data analytics and its application in terms of the underlying foundations and assumptions, research issues and debates, opportunities and benefits, technological developments, emerging trends, future practices, and challenges and open issues. This study shows that smart and smarter cities are associated with misunderstanding and deficiencies as regards their incorporation of, and contribution to, sustainability. Nevertheless, as also revealed by this study, tremendous opportunities are available for utilising big data analytics and its application in smart cities of the future to improve their contribution to the goals of sustainable development by optimising and enhancing urban operations, functions, services, designs, strategies, and policies, as well as by finding answers to challenging analytical questions and thereby advancing knowledge forms. However, just as there are immense opportunities ahead to embrace and exploit, there are enormous challenges and open issues ahead to address and overcome in order to achieve a successful implementation of big data technology and its novel applications in such cities.

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On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review

Emerging patterns of urbanization world over show differing scenarios in different continents, requiring diverse approaches, policies, and strategies. Amazing democratization of ICT around the world leads to a discussion on sustainable, resource-conserving, and resilient smart cities, and smart city economic development appropriate to different cities, countries, and continents. It can be possible that each city in a particular country and continent may possess differing challenges to smart city economic development. When ancient rural economy gives way to urban economy, which contributes a major share of national domestic product, the emerging question is what constitutes smart city economic development. How is it different from conventional urban economy? Is the theory and practice of conventional urban economy valid in a smart city economy or is it necessary to investigate newer theory and practice of smart city economic development? What is a food shed in a smart city economy in smart cities? What a smart city industry looks like? What constitutes smart city commerce services, transportation, and communication, and how they impact on smart city economy? How do smart cities fit in the urban dynamism and policy dialogue at the global, regional, and national levels? Can smart cities and smart economy be socially inclusive? How to strategize social inclusion in smart city development? What sort of governance and institutional support would smart cities require to fulfil their role with regard to smart economy? What may constitute a Sustainable Model of smart cities economic development, and what may be Smart Cities Standards? These are some of the questions addressed in this chapter.

Smart Economy in Smart Cities

This chapter ‘E-Governance for Smart City’ is intended to give conceptual clarity of the subject matter of the book. The chapter is expected to give broad direction to the book. Until now E-Governance literature is dominated by authors who are computer scientists and IT specialists since there are several technical issues to be solved (like, for example, big data management) but this book takes a departure and will be authored by domain specialists related to city. We are jointly working out the emerging E-Governance System for Smart City from the point of view of urban domain specialists such as specialists in urban development, urban planning, climate change, carbon accounting, water Governance, energy governance, public realm and so on. To start with definition of E-Governance and E-Government is collated from different organizations point of view. Then how consumers of Governance, such as Citizen, Government and Business benefit from E-Governance is enumerated. Further, it traces five distinct phases of E-Governance development such as Phase-1(1996–1999): Basic Web Presence, Phase-2(1997–2000): Interactive web, Phase-3(1998–2003): Transaction web, Phase-4(2000–2005): Integrative and Transformation web and Phase-5(2005+): Smart City Governance web. Prior to 2005 there has been rapid transition in phases but with the emergence of phase-5, there is a trend in stabilization of urban E-Governance. This chapter enumerates new functional specialization of E-Governance in different phases and discusses Smart City E-Governance System and its prime requirements.

E-Governance for Smart Cities

The contours of Smart Environment Governance and Community Management for Smart City are presented in the first chapter. The management of environmental resources which is largely common property call for strengthening smart community capabilities for environment resources management by designing a system and protocol for environment resources management as appropriate and consistent with environmental governance of a smart city. The environment is made itself smart to be self-aware by using IOTs and ICTs and E-Governance tools based on existing environmental legislation and E-Democratic management practices are applied for environment resource management by the smart community to intervene 24 h and 7 days a week. The required directive principles of Environmental Democracy are presented side by side with faith-based approach. This approach requires a well-trained smart community with continuing environmental education and competence to meet environmental challenges which is one of six components of the smart city system. Since humans are one component of Environment and integrated, the smart living that conserves environment is the answer to the smart environment. An integrated global cooperation which considers the environment as shared common resource shall complement this effort. Religious practice is a way of life which in turn leads to a smart environment through smart living. The community shall be guided by their own Faith which is a way of life that considers environment having a distinct interface of deep ecology and religion (whether it is Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity or Islam and so on). This chapter describes an integrated approach to smart environment for smart city, and scientific, and religious faith based, as well as the deep ecology-based interface for environment governance and management. The cultural system underlying the Vedic and Buddhist religion which is in practice in several Asian countries as examples are presented which can further strengthen the Smart Environment for Smart City approach through faith based smart living.

Smart Environment for Smart Cities

An overview view of smart metropolitan regional development is presented as a backdrop for research studies of this book. First, metropolitan region is defined followed by its form and functions. Then, smart metropolitan regional development is defined. The chapter studies the global metropolitan cities development and shows how metro cities, megacities and meta-cities are emerging across the world in Asia, Africa, Europe and America. Metropolitan cities are continuously exposed to external economic stimuli and requires intermediate range strategies as responses to face it. These periodic challenges of cities call for differing and flexible spatial and economic strategies to intervene in emerging global situation. By and large such strategy making dynamics is rare to be found and it is an important gap which this book address. To face these emerging metropolitan challenges, there is a need to design economic and spatial strategies at the intermediate time horizon. Therefore, this chapter concludes with a critical analysis of economic and spatial design strategies of 17 metropolises in their official plans which of course is long range plans.

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development: Economic and Spatial Design Strategies

Smart living is one of six components of a smart city. Other five are smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, and smart government. All smart living activities have also these six components integrated with smart city system. Cities have their own characteristics based on the size whether it is a metropolis, megacity, meta city or small or very big continental settlement. This is based on its unique cultural system and ecological system. All aspects of living in a city can be traced to one major aspect which considerably influences daily life. It can be religion, for example, Islam in Saudi Arabia, Buddhism in Tibet, Judaism in Israel or Christianity in Vatican or it can be a dominant aspect of life which the cultural system has thrived to develop in the past such as for example health as indicated by high performance of related time series statistics and so on. Then the concept of smart is presented illustrating with the smart home which differs greatly with the smart aspect of the city. The design of smart living for smart cities can be centred around this dominant aspect which I call domain and some of the essential features of such domain is briefly presented in this chapter. The chapter then focuses on design for smart living in for smart cities based on a domain approach, IOT and ICT system design for smart living, and design of E-Democracy and E-Governance system for a smart living for smart cities. This will provide for a total design for smart living in a smart city. This is briefly presented in this chapter.

T. M. Vinod Kumar

Papers

Smart Economy in Smart Cities

E-Governance for Smart Cities

Smart Environment for Smart Cities

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development: Economic and Spatial Design Strategies

Smart Living for Smart Cities