In the 1990s the concept of social capital defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken : communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital and its recognition of the positive and negative outcomes that social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and discourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers.

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Social capital: implications for development theory, research, and policy

An edited volume containing data structures and algorithms for information retrieved including a disk with examples written in C. For programmers and students interested in parsing text, automated indexing, its the first collection in book form of the basic data structures and algorithms that are critical to the storage and retrieval of documents.

https://hornad.fei.tuke.sk/~genci/Vyucba/OOBDS/Archiv/Podklady/TExtoveIS&IR/Information%20Retrieval%20Data%20Structures%20&%20Algorithms.PDF

Information Retrieval: Data Structures and Algorithms

We introduce the spi calculus, an extension of the pi calculus designed for describing and analyzing cryptographic protocols. We show how to use the spi calculus, particularly for studying authentication protocols. The pi calculus (without extension) suffices for some abstract protocols; the spi calculus enables us to consider cryptographic issues in more detail. We represent protocols as processes in the spi calculus and state their security properties in terms of coarse-grained notions of protocol equivalence. ] 1999 Academic Press

/pdf/a-calculus-for-cryptographic-protocols-the-spi-calculus-3i1wvj2u10.pdf

A calculus for cryptographic protocols: the spi calculus

Neutron Stars 1: Equation of State and Structure

Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: clinical and research implications.

Data are presented on the temporal structure, fluxes, energy spectra and coordinates of the sources of gamma-ray bursts detected in the KONUS experiment on Venera 11 and Venera 12 space probes in the period September 1978 to May 1979. The statistical distributions of gamma bursts in duration, intensity, and peak power, as well as the distribution of the burst sources over the celestial sphere presented are based on the updated KONUS information obtained until February 1980.

Parts I and II

In the third part of the Catalog, the observational data are presented on the gamma-burst studies in the KONUS experiment aboard Venera 11 and Venera 12 spacecraft in the period from the end of May to October 1979. The burst time profiles, energy spectra and source localization data are given.

Catalog of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts from the KONUS Experiment Data

A review is given of the gamma-ray burst energy spectrum measurements on Venera 11 and Venera 12 space probes The gamma burst continuum approximates in shape thermal brems-strahlung emission of a hot plasma The radiation temperature varies over a broad range, 50–1000 keV, for different events Spectra of many bursts contain cyclotron absorption and/or redshifted annihilation lines Strong variability is typically observed in both continuum and line spectra These spectral data provide convincing evidence for the gamma-ray bursts being generated by neutron stars with superstrong magnetic fields ∼1012–1013 G

Cosmic gamma-ray burst spectroscopy

Diffuse cosmic background and atmospheric gamma-radiation in the range 28 keV-4.1 MeV were studied with a scintillation spectrometer on board of the Kosmos 461 satellite. Separation of the cosmic and atmospheric components was made possible through a reliable determination of the geomagnetic dependences of albedo gamma-radiation: The spectrum of diffuse background in the energy range covered cannot be fitted with a common law. At energies below 400 keV the spectrum follows a power-law

$$I = (5.6 \pm 0.5) \times 10^{ - 3} E^{ - (2.80 \pm 0.05)} cm^{ - 2} s^{ - 1} sr^{ - 1} MeV^{ - 1} .$$

Diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background in the 28 ke V-4.1 MeV range from Kosmos 461 observations

Unusual ..gamma..-ray bursts were recorded in March 1979 by the Cone experiment on the Venera 11 and Venera 12 space probes. Analysis indicates that the bursts emanate from a flaring x-ray pulsar in the constellation Dorado.

/pdf/a-flaring-x-ray-pulsar-in-dorado-bh796d6x2c.pdf

T. V. Kharitonova

Papers

Parts I and II

Catalog of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts from the KONUS Experiment Data

Cosmic gamma-ray burst spectroscopy

Diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background in the 28 ke V-4.1 MeV range from Kosmos 461 observations

A flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado