Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence and abbreviated ECL) is the process whereby species generated at electrodes undergo high-energy electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. The first detailed ECL studies were described by Hercules and Bard et al. in the mid-1960s, although reports concerning light emission during electrolysis date back to the 1920s by Harvey. After about 40 years study, ECL has now become a very powerful analytical technique and been widely used in the areas of, for example, immunoassay, food and water testing, and biowarfare agent detection. ECL has also been successfully exploited as a detector of flow injection analysis (FIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and micro total analysis (μTAS). Figure 1 illustrates a time line of various events in the development of ECL. A literature survey using SciFinder Scholar reveals that more than 2000 journal articles, book chapters, and patents on various topics of ECL have been published. The overall number of publications, as shown in Figure 2, has increased exponentially over the past 20 years, of which 40–50% were biorelated. Similar amounts of ECL papers could be also found from the Thomson ISI Web of Science as well as † Telephone (601) 266 4716; fax (601) 266 6075; e-mail wujian.miao@ usm.edu. Wujian Miao received his undergraduate diploma in chemistry from Nantong University (Nantong, China) in 1982, his M.Sc. degree in analytical chemistry from Zhongshan University (Guangzhou, China, with Jinyuan Mo) in 1991, and his Ph.D. degree in electrochemistry from Monash University (Melbourne, Australia, with Alan M. Bond) in 2000. He then served as a Research Scientist in CSIRO (Melbourne, Australia), followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Texas at Austin with Allen J. Bard in 2001. Since 2004 he has served as an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Its Biorelated Applications

Fundamental Principles. L.W. Jelinsky, Experimental Methods. The Chemical Shift. Coupling of Nuclear Spins. Nuclear Relaxation and Chemical Rate Processes. P.A. Mirau and F.A. Bovey, Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Macromolecules. NMR of Solids. F.A. Bovey, L.W. Jelinsky, P.A. Mirau, Special Topics. Appendixes. Author Index. Subject Index.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To perform molecular weight measurement and separation of a fluorine containing organic substance slightly soluble in a general organic solvent by means of size exclusion chromatography by using a solvent containing dichloro pentafluoropropane as a mobile phase and using polymethyl methacrylate with a known molecular weight as a molecular weight measurement standard specimen. SOLUTION: As a mobile phase. a solvent containing HCFC225 such as a solvent containing only HCFC225 and a mixture solvent containing HCFC225 and other solvents are available. HCFC225 is selected from one or more kinds of substances selected from chlorinated fluorinated hydrocarbons with a molecular formula represented by C3 HF3 Cl2 . As the HCFC225, several kinds of isomers with the same molecular formula and different structures are known, however, HCFC225ca (CF3 CF2 CHCl2 ), HCFC225cb (CF2 ClCF2 CFHC1), and a mixture of them are desirable. As a molecular weight measurement standard specimen, polymethyl methacrylate with a known molecular weight is used.

https://www.springer.com/productFlyer_978-3-540-65635-7.pdf?SGWID=0-0-1297-1427978-0

Size Exclusion Chromatography

Analytical applications of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) as a chemiluminescent reagent

The development of analytical applications involving the electrochemical generation of chemiluminescence (ECL) in the last 5 years is reviewed. The mechanisms of common ECL reactions are summarised, and the potential advantages of ECL over conventional chemiluminescence are discussed. The current limitations of the technique are considered along with how they are being addressed. Finally some pointers as to likely directions of future research are given.

A review of recent trends in analytical applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence (CL) has been shown to be a highly sensitive detection method in both flow-injection analysis (FIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).1 In many applications CL was demonstrated to produce increased detectability over fluorescence.2-4 The present authors have for the first time reported on the on-line CL detection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE).5-9 The bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) system was used together with xanthene dyestuffs, such as Eosin Y, Rhodamine B isothiocyanate and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate isomer R. Although the CZE-CL methods are more sensitive than the conventional methods, such as colorimetric and fluorometric, some essential problems still remain: excess reagents also show a CL peak, which is often overlapped on sample peaks; also, the labeling procedure requires more than 4 h. On the other hand, fluorescamine (FR) has been commonly used as a fluorogenic reagent.10 The structure and reaction of FR are schematically represented in Scheme 1. The reagent reacts readily and rapidly under an alkaline condition with primary amines to form fluorescent substances, providing the basis for a rapid and sensitive assay of amino acids, peptides, proteins and other primary amines. Excess FR is quickly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to become inactive to fluorescence or CL, while the derivative with primary amine is not. The CL system of TCPO-H202-FR was utilized as the detection means of FIA and HPLC by several research groups.3,11 For example, Kobayashi et al. applied it to the determination of catecholamines in urine for HPLC.3 It was reported there that the sensitivity of the CL detection system was approximately 20-times higher than that of a conventional fluorescence detection system. Recently, CZE using FR as a labeling reagent was performed with spectrophotometric or fluorescent detections.12-15 However, as far as we know, CL detection of

On-Line Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Separation-Chemiluminescence Detection of Protein Labeled with Fluorescamine

/pdf/high-sensitivity-determination-of-emetine-dithiocarbamate-3oqusy1gs9.pdf

High-Sensitivity Determination of Emetine Dithiocarbamate Copper(II) Complex Using the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection of Tris(2, 2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

On-line chemiluminescence detection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis

Chemiluminescence analyses of biological constituents using metal-complex catalysts developed in our laboratory are reviewed. This study was carried out in the fields of immunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography, with special reference to the determination of micro amounts of protein. The use of a synthesized metal-complex compound instead of natural substances as a catalyst was proposed in order to make immunoassay inexpensive and reproducible, as well as to make labeling easy. The immunoassay established by the use of a fiber-optic immunosensor could be successfully applied to the determination of micro amounts of protein. The method using the activity lowering of a chemiluminescence catalyst was also established for the development of a new detection system, which was applied to both indirect and direct flow injection analyses of protein. Each chemiluminescence system was utilized for indirect and direct flow injection analyses, respectively. The direct flow injection analysis, in which a protein solution was directly injected into a flow injection system, could be used to determine the protein content more easily, rapidly, and sensitively than the indirect one. Finally, the future prospect is briefly presented regarding the present subject.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/analsci1985/6/6/6_6_797/_pdf

Chemiluminescence Analyses of Biological Constituents Using Metal-Complex Catalysts A Review

A new type of fluorescent compound, 5,5′-di(4-pyridyl)-2,2′-bithienyl, has been synthesized and its fluorescence intensity measured at 510 nm in a 40% aqueous methanol (pH<3.0) with excitation at 425 nm. The quantum yield was found to be 0.52. The thienylpyridine skeleton was found for the first time as a new fluorophore.

Tadashi Hara

Papers

On-Line Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Separation-Chemiluminescence Detection of Protein Labeled with Fluorescamine

High-Sensitivity Determination of Emetine Dithiocarbamate Copper(II) Complex Using the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection of Tris(2, 2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)

On-line chemiluminescence detection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis

Chemiluminescence Analyses of Biological Constituents Using Metal-Complex Catalysts A Review

Synthesis and spectral properties of 5,5'-di(4-pyridyl)-2,2'-bithienyl as a new fluorescent compound.