Ruthenium-Catalyzed Reactions for Organic Synthesis.

Poly(lactic acid)-Mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life.

Natural Science Foundation of China [30530080]; Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2007AA09Z403]; Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province [2006GG2205023]

http://ir.yic.ac.cn/bitstream/133337/9046/1/Halogenated%20Organic%20Molecules%20of%20Rhodomelaceae%20Origin-Chemistry%20and%20Biology.pdf

Halogenated Organic Molecules of Rhodomelaceae Origin: Chemistry and Biology

The production of lactic acid from glycerol has been receiving a lot of attention due to the efficient roles of glycerol as raw material in producing various useful chemicals. Selective oxidation and hydrothermal reactions using solid catalyst have been found as potential techniques in producing high selectivity of lactic acid. Typically, glycerol reaction mechanisms are proposed based on oxidative dehydrogenation, dehydration and benzylic acid rearrangement step in alkaline aqueous medium. Bifunctionals catalyst are useful to carry out multi-step reaction requiring different active sites in one pot reaction. One of the selective oxidation processes is using bifunctional catalyst with acidic site in combination with Al3+ or Cr3+, with Lewis acid sites and a redox centre i.e. polyoxometalates (POM) exhibited high activity (93.7%) and selectivity (90.5%) to lactic acid. Meanwhile, hydrothermal reaction by using 30%CuO/ZrO2 gave 100% glycerol conversion and 94.6% selectivity to lactic acid. Currently, the development of efficient catalysts through suitable combinations of nonprecious metals is highly proposed. This paper critically reviews the recent progress in this area of research by classifiying catalysts based on active sites and roles of catalyst characteristics. The detail discussion on the influencing parameters to enhance the selectivity of lactic acid and glycerol conversion is also provided in detail.

Production of lactic acid from glycerol via chemical conversion using solid catalyst: A review

It is an object to provide a memory device whose power consumption can be suppressed and a semiconductor device including the memory device. As a switching element for holding electric charge accumulated in a transistor which functions as a memory element, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor film as an active layer is provided for each memory cell in the memory device. The transistor which is used as a memory element has a first gate electrode, a second gate electrode, a semiconductor film located between the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, a first insulating film located between the first gate electrode and the semiconductor film, a second insulating film located between the second gate electrode and the semiconductor film, and a source electrode and a drain electrode in contact with the semiconductor film.

Memory device and semiconductor device

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (±)-norpatchoulenol and two metabolites of patchouli alcohol, (±)-hydroxy patchouli alcohol and the corresponding (±)-carboxylic acid

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (.+-.)-hydroxy patchouli alcohol and the corresponding (.+-.)-carboxylic acid, metabolites of patchouli alcohol, and (.+-.)-norpatchoulenol

Stereocontrolled synthesis of polyfunctionalized trans-hydrindan systems: a model study toward anisatin

A new finding that the methylene group adjacent to a cyclopropane ring can be oxidized to the keto group directly with ruthenium tetroxide is described.

Takashi Hasegawa

Papers

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (±)-norpatchoulenol and two metabolites of patchouli alcohol, (±)-hydroxy patchouli alcohol and the corresponding (±)-carboxylic acid

Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (.+-.)-hydroxy patchouli alcohol and the corresponding (.+-.)-carboxylic acid, metabolites of patchouli alcohol, and (.+-.)-norpatchoulenol

Stereocontrolled synthesis of polyfunctionalized trans-hydrindan systems: a model study toward anisatin

A new method for direct oxidation of the methylene group adjacent to a cyclopropane ring to the keto group.

Operation of bench plants producing racemic lactic acid and lactide isomers from glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel fuel production process