Biodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) based materials

The invention provides compositions and methods for treatment of amyloidogenic diseases. Such methods entail administering an agent that induces a beneficial immune response against an amyloid deposit in the patient. The methods are particularly useful for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In such methods, a suitable agent is Aβ peptide or an antibody thereto.

Prevention and treatment of amyloidogenic disease

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) has been sold since 1995 to reduce irrigation‐induced erosion and enhance infiltration. Its soil stabilizing and flocculating properties improve runoff water quality by reducing sediments, N, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total P, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pesticides, weed seeds, and microorganisms in runoff. PAM used for erosion control is a large (12–15 Mg mol −1 ) water‐soluble (non‐cross‐linked) anionic molecule, containing by PAM or can be slightly reduced. Typical seasonal application totals in furrow irrigation vary from 3 to 7 kg ha −1 . Research has shown little or no consistent adverse effect on soil microbial populations. Some evidence exists for PAM‐related yield increases where infiltration was crop‐limiting, especially in field portions having irregular slopes, where erosion prevention eliminated deep furrow cutting that deprives shallow roots of adequate water delivery. Modified water management with PAM shows great promise for water conservation. High effectiveness and low cost of PAM for erosion control and infiltration management, coupled with easier implementation than traditional conservation measures, has resulted in rapid adoption. About 800,000 ha of US irrigated land use PAM for erosion and/or infiltration management. In recent years, PAM has been deployed for uses beyond agricultural erosion control, including construction site erosion control, use in storm water runoff ponds to accelerate water clarification, soil stabilization and dust prevention in helicopter‐landing zones, and various other high‐traffic military situations. Among the newest topics being researched is the use of PAM to reduce ditch, canal, and pond seepage, using specific application protocols that take advantage of its increase of water viscosity at higher concentrations.

/pdf/polyacrylamide-in-agriculture-and-environmental-land-w6z93qyw10.pdf

Polyacrylamide in agriculture and environmental land management

Microbial degradation of poly(amino acid)s.

Biodegradation of fluorinated polymers is of interest to assess them as a potential source of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in the environment. A fluoroacrylate polymer product test substance was studied in four aerobic soils over two years to assess whether the fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) side chains covalently bonded to the polymer backbone may be transformed to form PFCAs. The test substance itself was not directly measured; instead, nine analytes were determined to evaluate biodegradation. Terminal biotransformation products measured included perfluorooctanoate (PFO), perfluorononanoate (PFN), perfluorodecanoate (PFD), perfluoroundecanoate (PFU), and pentadecafluorodecanoate (7–3 acid). The molar concentration of 8–2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8–2 FTOH) in the test substance, fluoroacrylate polymer and residual unreacted raw materials and impurities (“residuals”) were compared with the molar concentrations of the terminal biotransformation products for mass balance and kinetic assessments. Over the two y...

Investigation of the Biodegradation Potential of a Fluoroacrylate Polymer Product in Aerobic Soils

Arthrobacter sp. strain NO-18 was first isolated from soil as a bacterium which could degrade the sodium acrylate oligomer and utilize it as the sole source of carbon. When 0.2% (wt/wt) oligomer was added to the culture medium, the acrylate oligomer was found to be degraded by 70 to 80% in 2 weeks, using gel permeation chromatography. To determine the maximum molecular weight for biodegradation, the degradation test was done with the hexamer, heptamer, and octamer, which were separated from the oligomer mixture by fractional gel permeation chromatography. The hexamer and heptamer were consumed to the extents of 58 and 36%, respectively, in 2 weeks, but the octamer was not degraded. Oligomers with three different terminal groups were synthesized to examine the effect of the different terminal groups on biodegradation, but few differences were found. Arthrobacter sp. NO-18 assimilated acrylic acid, propionic acid, glutaric acid, 2-methylglutaric acid, and 1,3,5-pentanetricarboxylic acid. Degradation of the acrylic unit structure by this strain is discussed.

Degradation of a Sodium Acrylate Oligomer by an Arthrobacter sp

A process for production of L-aspartic acid comprising the steps of (1) contacting (A) an enzyme-containing material having maleate isomerase activity and aspartase activity, or (B) an enzyme-containing product having maleate isomerase activity and an enzyme-containing material having aspartase activity, with a substrate solution containing maleic acid and ammonia, and/or ammonium maleate to form L-aspartic acid, and (2) recovering L-aspartic acid from the reaction solution, characterized by adding maleic anhydride and/or maleic acid to the reaction solution to crystallize L-aspartic acid, and (3) recycling the mother liquors as the substrate solution by addition of ammonia.

Process for production of L-aspartic acid

Poly(sodium acrylate)-utilizing microorganisms, L7-A and L7-B, were first isolated from soil. When L7-A and L7-B were used in a mixture and cultured with a 0.2% poly(sodium acrylate) nutrient source, polymers having average Mw of 1000, 1500, and 4000 were degraded to extents of 73%, 49%, and 20%, respectively, in 2 weeks. The biodegradability of poly(sodium acrylate) of high molecular weight after uv irradiation was also examined.

Microbial Degradation of Poly(sodium acrylate)

A novel enzymatic, non-batch process for converting maleic acid to fumaric acid and/or producing L-aspartic acid, wherein dissolved oxygen concentration in the reaction medium in the reaction column or vessel is brought to 1 ppm (parts per million) or less with a deoxygenation agent and/or an inert gas, is provided.

Process for producing L-aspartic acid

ラジカル重合によって合成されたアクリル酸メチルのオリゴマーについて,分子量分布の狭い試料を得るために大規模分取ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)を用いて分取を行い二～十量体のアクリル酸メチルオリゴマー試料を得た.分析用GPCの測定結果からこれらの試料の重量平均分子量Mwと数平均分子量Mnとの比はすべてMw/Mn<1.01で非常に分子量分布が狭い試料であることが示された.更にこれらの試料を水酸化ナトリウム溶液中で加水分解を行い,非常に分子量分布が狭いアクリル酸オリゴマーを得た.アクリル酸メチルオリゴマー及びアクリル酸オリゴマーについて屈折率の濃度こう配の測定,蒸気圧浸透圧測定などを行い,重合度依存性について検討した.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bunsekikagaku1952/42/5/42_5_273/_pdf

Takaya Hayashi

Papers

Degradation of a Sodium Acrylate Oligomer by an Arthrobacter sp

Process for production of L-aspartic acid

Microbial Degradation of Poly(sodium acrylate)

Process for producing L-aspartic acid

The molecular weight and the refractive index measurements of fractionated oligo(methyl acrylate) and oligo(acrylic acid).