System Identification I

The current editorial summarized some of the scientific works presented in the Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection (SEEP) conference-held at the University of the West of Scotland, UK, 2018. The selected work was directly related to the scope of the Renewable, Sustainable Energy Reviews (RSER) journal. During the conference activities, experts from all around the world in the subjects of: renewable energy, climate change, optimization, and economics presented and discussed the progress made in renewable energy sources, as well as the new strategies for protecting the environment from the hazards connected with fossil fuel utilization. The methods presented in the conference focused on several directions: the development of efficient energy conversion systems with low/no environmental impacts; the suggested policies to widespread renewable energies; the restriction in the emission of greenhouse gases, and the recent progresses in CO2 capture. This editorial focused on the renewable energy developments and their positive effect on the climate change, and briefly summarized the accepted manuscripts in this issue. 

Renewable energy and climate change

The increase in energy demand and reduction in resources for conventional energy production along with various environmental impacts, promote the use of renewable energy for electricity generation and other energy-need applications around the world. Wind power has emerged as the biggest renewable energy source in the world, whose potential, when employed properly, serves to provide the best power output. In order to achieve self-sustenance in energy supply and to match the critical needs of impoverished and developing regions, wind power has proven to be the best solution. However, wind power is intermittent and unstable in nature and hence creates lot of grid integration and power fluctuation issues, which ultimately disturb the stability of the grid. In such cases, energy storage technologies are highly essential and researchers turned their attention to find efficient ways of storing energy to achieve maximum utilization. The use of batteries to store wind energy is very expensive and not practical for wind applications. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is found to be a viable solution to store energy generated from wind and other renewable energy systems. A detailed review on various aspects of a CAES system has been made and presented in this paper which includes the thermodynamic analysis, modeling and simulation analysis, experimental investigation, various control strategies, some case studies and economic evaluation with the role of energy storage towards smart grid and poly-generation.

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A review on compressed air energy storage – A pathway for smart grid and polygeneration

It is an accepted fact that, as the years go by, technology rapidly evolves. For this reason, it is absolutely necessary to constantly watch its evolution, to search for new ways for its progression, adjusting to the new conditions and demands. This effort can be mainly fulfilled by computers. Computers allow us to comprehend the development of technology, assisted by the growing development of the tool-programs that can be used. Another fundamental stepping stone for the technological evolution is the electrical machines which replace manual labor, since they are faster, more precise, and dependable. On a long term, using the electrical machines decreases the cost, whereas manual labor loses its prestige as the years go by. The present project extensively discusses the Raspberry Pi, one of the most sophisticated pocket computer models, which is able to conduct more complex implementations than the rest of the available models, using more program languages. More specifically, in the 1st chapter, we will make a small introduction about the Raspberry Pi, mentioning its definition and its history, referring to the date of the release of each model and some details about each one of them. We will, also, discuss the differentiations of each model and, this very chapter will make us understand what we can do with each one of the models.
In the 2nd chapter, we will refer to the raspberry hardware. First of all, the pins of the Raspberry Pi will be introduced and analyzed. The attachments needed for the activation of the Raspberry Pi will be mentioned and the right steps for the installation of the NOOBS operating system to the SD Card will be studied. Moreover, the RASPBIAN operating system will be installed to the Raspberry Pi 3. Finally, the first steps that we need to make once the Raspberry Pi turns on will be mentioned. In the 3rd chapter we will talk about the SSH. We will closely take a look at the steps needed in order to install the RASPBIAN operating system to the SD Card. We will see what the SSH is, as well.
In the 4th chapter, we will study the examples where the micro-controller is used, the attachments needed for each project, and we will analyze the circuits for each of the examples. We will be citing the circuit through the FRITZING and we will be discussing the code of each example so that the application can function. The examples will be of a gradual difficulty. The present dissertation aims to inform the students about an innovative micro-controller; the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B. The truth is that only few people are aware of this micro-controller. For this reason, our goal is to make the micro-controller more comprehensive to you.

Οδηγός για το Raspberry Pi 3 Model B

This paper elaborates a comprehensive overview of a photovoltaic (PV) system model, and compares the attributes of various conventional and improved incremental conductance algorithms, perturbation and observation techniques, and other maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms in normal and partial shading conditions Performance evaluation techniques are discussed on the basis of the dynamic parameters of the PV system Following a discussion of the MPPT algorithms in each category, a table is drawn to summarize their key specifications In the performance evaluation section, the appropriate PV module technologies, atmospheric effects on PV panels, design complexity, and number of sensors and internal parameters of the PV system are outlined In the last phase, a comparative table presents performance-evaluating parameters of MPPT design criterion This paper is organized in such a way that future researchers and engineers can select an appropriate MPPT scheme without complication

Performance Evaluation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Approaches and Photovoltaic Systems

The capacity of installed wind power is growing rapidly in cold climate regions; however, turbine blades are susceptible to ice accumulation. The aerodynamic properties of turbine blades are highly sensitive to ice accretion, which can significantly impair aerodynamic performance. Ice accretion on the blades of a wind turbine can lead to turbine shutdown, power loss and damage to turbine components. To prevent ice formation on wind turbine blades, an ice sensor integrated with an ice mitigation system is required. The ice sensor can be used with a de-icer on the blade surface. However, the current ice sensing and de-icing technologies are inefficient and integrated systems need appreciable improvement. This paper reviews ice sensing and active mitigation techniques for a wind turbine blade surface, which are categorized based on several key parameters. Furthermore, this paper investigates the conceptual design of integrating ice sensing and mitigation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the integrated systems are presented to provide valuable insights on ice prevention for wind turbines operating in ice prone locations.

A review of integrating ice detection and mitigation for wind turbine blades

This paper presents a method for applying a web server based on ESP32 to a small photovoltaic (PV) power system to monitor and/or collect the PV and the battery current, voltage data The designed system uses low-cost sensors, a microcontroller ESP32, Wi-Fi, and an SD-card reader The ESP32 collects data from sensors All of the data are saved in a text file on an SD-card, which is connected with ESP32 SPI pins The text file is saved on the SD card for a week or longer, after which the system deletes all the data and starts saving new data The web page file is saved on an SD card as well, so the ESP32 is programmed to access the web page by using the Wi-Fi via a laptop, cellphone, or tablet Moreover, the web page has a link that allows users to download the data text file simply by clicking on the link This can also be done remotely The results of the experiments demonstrate that the web server works in real-time and can be effectively used for monitoring small solar energy systems

Design and implementation of a low cost web server using ESP32 for real-time photovoltaic system monitoring

The maximum power produced by a photovoltaic (PV) system varies according to the variation in the solar irradiance and temperature. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are implemented to extract maximum power from PV system. This paper presents a bisection numerical algorithm (BNA) based MPPT, and it compares the algorithm's tracking accuracy and performance to Fractional Short-Circuit Current (FSCC) and Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) methods. This comparison uses the same DC-DC boost converter, PI controller, and load to examine the tracking accuracy for each method. The mathematical model for the PV system is developed using a single diode model, and it is implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment to examine each method. Simulation results for different solar irradiations are presented. The results show that the BNA has the best maximum power tracking accuracy in comparison with the FSCC and FOCV methods.

Comparing bisection numerical algorithm with fractional short circuit current and open circuit voltage methods for MPPT photovoltaic systems

Distributed assets, such as hybrid power system components, require reliable, timely, and secure coordinated data monitoring and control systems. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a technology for the coordinated monitoring and control of such assets. However, SCADA system designs and implementations have largely been proprietary, mostly pricey and therefore economically unjustifiable for smaller applications. With proprietary SCADA systems, there is also the problem of interoperability with the existing components such as power electronic converters, energy storage systems, and communication systems since these components are usually from multiple vendors. Therefore, an open source SCADA system represents the most flexible and most cost-effective SCADA option for such assets. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a low-cost, open source SCADA system based on the most recent SCADA architecture, the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed SCADA system consists of current and voltage sensors for data collection, an ESP32 micro-controller with organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display, for receiving and processing the sensor data, and ThingsBoard IoT server for historic data storage and human machine interactions. For the sensor data transfer from the ESP32 to the ThingsBoard IoT server, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is implemented for data transfer over a local Wi-Fi connection with the MQTT Client configured on the ESP32, and the ThingsBoard server node serving as the MQTT Broker. The ThingsBoard IoT server is locally installed with PostgreSQL database on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer and hosted locally on MUN Network for data integrity and security. To test the performance of the developed open source SCADA system solution, it was setup to acquire and process the current, voltage and power of a standalone solar photovoltaic system for remote monitoring and supervisory control. The overall system design procedures and testing, as well as the created dashboards and alarms on the ThingsBoard IoT server platform are presented in the paper.

Design and implementation of a low-cost, open source IoT-based SCADA system using ESP32 with OLED, ThingsBoard and MQTT protocol

In recent years, one of the suitable solar photovoltaic (PV) applications is a water pumping system. The simplest solar PV pumping system consists of PV array, DC-DC converter, DC motor, and water pump. In this paper, water pumping system sizing for Libya is evaluated based on a daily demand using HOMER software, and dynamic modeling of a solar PV water pumping system using a Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor is presented in Matlab/Simulink environment. The system performance with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on Fractional Open Circuit Voltage (FOCV) is evaluated with and without a battery storage system. In some applications, a rated voltage is needed to connect a PMDC motor to a PV array through a DC-DC converter and in other applications the input voltage can vary. The evaluation of the system is based on the performance during a change in solar irradiation. Using Matlab/Simulink, simulation results are assessed to see the efficiency of the system when it is operating at a specific speed or at the MPPT. The results show that an improvement in the system efficiency can be achieved when the PMDC motor is running at a specific speed rather than at the peak PV power point.

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Tariq Iqbal

Papers

A review of integrating ice detection and mitigation for wind turbine blades

Design and implementation of a low cost web server using ESP32 for real-time photovoltaic system monitoring

Comparing bisection numerical algorithm with fractional short circuit current and open circuit voltage methods for MPPT photovoltaic systems

Design and implementation of a low-cost, open source IoT-based SCADA system using ESP32 with OLED, ThingsBoard and MQTT protocol

Dynamic Modeling, Control, and Analysis of a Solar Water Pumping System for Libya