The vertebral canal reaches maturity early in life The size of the lumbar spinal canal was evaluated to determine normal values for vertebral canal size For our prospective cross-sectional study 95 women with a singleton pregnancy between 16 and 41 weeks of gestation were recruited during their routine anomaly scan After defining the region of interest on the 2D ultrasound image, volume scanning was performed and the rendered volume was displayed in three orthogonal planes on the screen Area and volume of the vertebral canal in L1, L3 and L5 were calculated Area and volume of the vertebral canal showed a close correlation to gestational age Advancing gestational age was characterised by a statistically significant increase in all volumetric and conventional 2D measurements No major differences regarding area and volume measurements could be found between upper and lower spine Sonographic evaluation of the fetal spine plays an important role in obstetric anomaly scans Prenatal diagnosis may also lead to interesting aspects concerning back pain in adults A small vertebral canal is considered to be one of the causes for back pain in later life but these syndromes are multi-factorial Since interpedicular diameter of the spinal canal at the level of L1-L4 at birth is approximately 70 % of the adult size, any kind of intrauterine growth impairment will affect further development Further data will show if our normal values will have significance in the early detection of disorders of the vertebral canal

Three-dimensional sonographic evaluation of the fetal lumbar spinal canal

Indiscriminate use of pesticides appears to increase the production of free radicals in organisms such as humans and other animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyrethroid insecticides on oxidative stress biomarkers and atherogenic indices in exposed adult Wistar rats. A total number of apparently healthy 60 Wistar rats were randomly selected for this study and divided into two groups. Thirty six (36) were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides while the remaining twenty four (24) were grouped as non-exposed. The animals in each group were anesthetized and blood sample was collected from the inferior vena cava after days of exposure. Plasma levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Nitric Oxide (NO) and lipids profiles were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Plasma activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Statistical analysis of data was obtained and P<0.05 was considered significant. The mean TChol and HDL were significantly higher in 7days than 41days exposure, while plasma mean TChol and HDL were significantly lower in 41days than 21days exposure. The plasma mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH and TAS were significantly decreasing while plasma mean levels of MDA, H2O2 and NO were significantly increasing from 7 days through 41 days exposure in exposed groups irrespective of the gender. In conclusion, this study observed that there is oxidative stress in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids based insecticides and lowered antioxidant defenses also observed in the studied population. Also, there was increased in weight differences with possibility of becoming obese. Thus, antioxidant supplements are advised as a prophylactic supportive therapy for adequate measures in preventing development of oxidative stress-associated complications among exposed individuals.

http://www.nwpii.com/ajbms/papers/AJBMS_2017_2_03.pdf

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Atherogenic Indices in Adult Wistar Rats Exposed to Pyrethroid Insecticides

BACKGROUND: Insecticide usage has increased in the tropics and subtropics due to the high prevalence of vector-borne infections, even though insecticide use effectively reduces insect-borne diseases. Insecticide exposure can cause oxidative stress and have severe consequences for human health. The study was then designed to evaluate oxidative stress and its effects on immunomodulatory and renal integrity among Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids. METHODS: Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Fifty-one rats were exposed to 1.2 %w/v pyrethroids, while the remaining thirty-three rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. After days of exposure, the animals in each group were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava. Using standard spectrophotometric techniques, the levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were determined. ELISA was used to determine levels of IgG, IgA, IgE, TNF-α, and NGAL. Data obtained were statistically compared. RESULTS: The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, and TAS were significantly reduced (p <  0.05) while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, IgG, IgE, IgA, TNFα, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly elevated (p <  0.05) from 7 to 41 days exposure in exposed groups. NGAL had a higher area under the ROC curve than urea and creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed that pyrethroids can cause oxidative stress, deplete antioxidant levels, nephrotoxicity, and may modulate both humoral and cellular immune functions. It also established NGAL as a sensitive diagnostic tool and early biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI).

Immunomodulatory response and serum level of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of acute kidney injury in wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids

BACKGROUND: Due to widespread use of pesticides, an individual’s lifetime exposure to pesticide mixtures is unavoidable, resulting in potentiation of toxic effects such as changing metabolic signaling temporarily or permanently due to the formation of free radicals among exposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study then looked at the expression of leptin and insulin receptors in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroid and its effects on adipokines and glycemic indices. METHODS: 84 Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. 51 rats were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides, while the remaining 33 rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. The animals were anesthetically sacrificed and samples of blood were collected after days of exposure. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), glucose and lipids were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were also determined. ELISA was used to assess leptin, adiponectin, insulin, CRP, IL-6, and TNFα. Glycaemic indices were calculated appropriately. Leptin and Insulin expression was determined using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Data obtained were statistically compared, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean TChol, TAG, and HDL-C were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the exposed groups. The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, TAS, QUICKI, TNFα, IL6, and CRP were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, NO, insulin, HOMA-IR, FIRI, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in exposed groups. The relative expression of insulin and leptin genes in exposed and non-exposed groups was also shown by column. CONCLUSION: It is self-evident that pyrethroid chemicals exposure may disrupt carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by raising the risk of obesity among the exposed groups.

Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers, glycaemic control indices and leptin receptors expression in adult male Wistar rats exposed to Pyrethroids

Introduction: The liquid vaporizers are very commonly used as residential insecticides in developing countries. Neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids have been reported earlier but studies regarding their histopathological effects on motor cortex area of cerebrum are rare. So the present study was planned  to assess and compare the effects of pyrethroid based mosquito repellent inhalation in the motor cortex of  rat CNS. Method: Twenty albino rats were divided into two groups of control and experimental. Rats in experimental group were exposed to 3.2% w/v prallethrin vapours 12 hours daily for 180 days. Control animals were kept under identical conditions without exposure to said repellent. The animals were sacrificed after 180 days. Their Cerebrum removed and  processed. Sections cut and stained with Haematoxylin,Eosin and thionin . Result: Neurohistological alteration in our study in experimental rats were, loss of organisation of the cortical  layer, increased density of inflammatory cells and initial signs of neuronal damage when compared to control ones Conclusion: The findings of our study establish that pyrethroids given by inhalational route do cause neurotoxicity on chronic exposure as shown by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the histological sections of CNS.

/pdf/histopathological-changes-in-the-motor-cortex-of-rat-cns-3k0zty9590.pdf

Histopathological Changes In The Motor Cortex Of Rat CNS After Pyrethroid Based Mosquito Repellent Inhalation An Experimental Study

Introduction : Morphological studies were performed on vertebral canal and spinal cord from time to time during prenatal and postnatal periods. Foetal spinal cord has been the focus of interest by a lot of scientists but morphometric information regarding cervical enlargement received little attention, though important for clinical applications. Morphometric readings of length of cervical enlargement in foetal spinal cord will help in determining the age of foetuses, which may be very useful in many medicolegal cases. Material and Methods : Foetuses without any congenital cranio-vertebral anomalies were selected for the study and divided into five groups on the basis of gestational age. Laminectomy was performed and the spinal cords from human foetuses were taken out and length of cervical enlargement was measured by Vernier calipers under standard conditions. Result & Conclusion : Significant increment in the length of cervical enlargement in foetal spinal cord was observed in successive adjacent groups from group I onwards. Maximum increment in the length of cervical enlargement in spinal cord was observed between groups II and III human foetuses.

/pdf/morphometric-analysis-based-on-length-of-cervical-25g2r4d6ho.pdf

Morphometric Analysis based on length of Cervical enlargement of spinal cord with the gestational age in Indian Human foetuses

Trifurcation of the common carotid artery in the neck region is a rare anatomical variation. In the present study, we reported a rare case having the combination of anomalies of the bilateral high common carotid arteries trifurcation and variable origin of lower branches of the external carotid artery during routine dissection of the head and neck region of a 60-year-old male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy. Both on the left and right sides of the neck region, the common carotid artery gave off three terminal branches: internal carotid artery, external carotid artery, and ascending pharyngeal arteries. Further, we also observed the presence of bilateral linguofacial trunks (common arterial trunks) that emerged from the external carotid arteries and also the left superior thyroid artery that originated directly from the left common carotid artery. Even though the embryogenesis of the variable origin of such arterial trunks is not apparent, it is very indispensable to have sound knowledge and better comprehension of the accurate anatomical architecture of such a rare combination of carotid arterial system anomalies for correct interpretation of the vascular imaging that pave the pathway for successful execution of surgical interventions in the neck region because of its utmost clinical implication.

/pdf/bilateral-high-trifurcation-of-the-common-carotid-artery-and-2rx5lz0y.pdf

Bilateral High Trifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery and Variable Emergence of the Lower Branches of the External Carotid Artery: A Cadaveric Case Report

The common carotid artery bifurcates into two terminal branches—the external and internal carotid arteries. The head, neck, and face regions principally get their blood supply from the external carotid artery and its branches. Some previous articles have mentioned the abnormal pattern of the external carotid artery branching and its variable origin. In this article, a rare case has been documented, having the combination of anomalies of the high carotid termination and bilateral variable origin of the ventral branches of the external carotid artery encountered during routine dissection of the head and neck region of a 55-year-old male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy. In this instance, on the right side of the neck, we observed the presence of a thyrolinguofacial trunk which arose from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery, and on the left side, the linguofacial trunk emerged from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery while the superior thyroid artery branched off directly from the left common carotid artery. This apart, there was bilateral high termination of the common carotid artery. Although the exact embryogenesis of such common arterial trunks anomalies and high carotid termination is not clear, detailed and precise anatomical knowledge of such a combination of anomalies will provide further insight for better radiological evaluation and to avert iatrogenic vascular injuries during any surgical procedures of the head and face region.

Tarun Prakash Maheshwari

Papers

Histopathological Changes In The Motor Cortex Of Rat CNS After Pyrethroid Based Mosquito Repellent Inhalation An Experimental Study

Morphometric Analysis based on length of Cervical enlargement of spinal cord with the gestational age in Indian Human foetuses

Bilateral High Trifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery and Variable Emergence of the Lower Branches of the External Carotid Artery: A Cadaveric Case Report

Bilateral higher carotid termination with rare anomalous emergence of ventral branches of the external carotid arteries: A cadaver study