Despite the global impact and advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases, the term "stroke" is not consistently defined in clinical practice, in clinical research, or in assessments of the public health. The classic definition is mainly clinical and does not account for advances in science and technology. The Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association convened a writing group to develop an expert consensus document for an updated definition of stroke for the 21st century. Central nervous system infarction is defined as brain, spinal cord, or retinal cell death attributable to ischemia, based on neuropathological, neuroimaging, and/or clinical evidence of permanent injury. Central nervous system infarction occurs over a clinical spectrum: Ischemic stroke specifically refers to central nervous system infarction accompanied by overt symptoms, while silent infarction by definition causes no known symptoms. Stroke also broadly includes intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The updated definition of stroke incorporates clinical and tissue criteria and can be incorporated into practice, research, and assessments of the public health.

An Updated Definition of Stroke for the 21st Century A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

Background—The purpose of this statement is to provide an overview of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and to provide recommendations for its diagnosis, management, and treatment. The intended audi...

/pdf/diagnosis-and-management-of-cerebral-venous-thrombosis-a-1givfmdund.pdf

Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association

A comprehensive review is presented on the development and state of the art of colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays. Optical arrays based on chemoresponsive colorants (dyes and nanoporous pigments) probe the chemical reactivity of analytes, rather than their physical properties. This provides a high dimensionality to chemical sensing that permits high sensitivity (often down to ppb levels), impressive discrimination among very similar analytes and exquisite fingerprinting of extremely similar mixtures over a wide range of analyte types, both in the gas and liquid phases.

https://zenodo.org/record/895426/files/article.pdf

Optical sensor arrays for chemical sensing: the optoelectronic nose

LB-194 Lung cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide and accounts for the most cancer deaths. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-protein coding RNAs that have recently emerged as important regulators of gene expression and direct proper cellular growth, differentiation and cell death - all mechanisms that go awry in cancer. The let-7 miRNA is postulated to function as a tumor suppressor gene in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the lung, by negatively regulating the post-transcriptional expression of multiple oncogenes including RAS, MYC, and HMGA2, as well as other cell cycle progression genes. Here we have used both in vitro and in vivo approaches to show that let-7 directly represses cancer growth in  the lung. We show that let-7 inhibits the growth of multiple human lung cancer cell lines in culture, as well as the growth of lung cancer cell xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Using the established Lox-Stop-Lox K-ras mouse lung cancer model, we find that intranasal let-7 administration can reduce tumor formation in vivo in the lungs of animals expressing a G12D activating mutation for the K-ras oncogene. These findings support the notion that let-7 functions as a tumor suppressor in the lung and indicates that this miRNA could be used as a therapeutic agent to treat lung cancer.

The let-7 microrna reduces tumor growth in mouse models of lung cancer

Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries

Background – Cortical and/or deep vein thrombosis (CDVT) without dural sinus involvement is uncommon and presents diagnostic difficulty for many reasons. Our aim is to determine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinical findings in patients with CDVT.



Methods –  Forty-six patients with venous stroke proved on MRI included in our Registry, corresponding to 0.1% of 4650 patients with stroke, were studied. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed in all patients, and 18 of them had follow-up MRA. Outcome was evaluated by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at the time of discharge and during follow-up.



Results –  Thirty-two patients presented cortical venous stroke; 21 of them had involvement of the dorsomedial venous system, six had a defect in the posteroinferior venous group, and five had a defect in the anteroinferior venous group. Thirteen patients presented simultaneous involvement of the superficial and deep venous system; seven with a defect in the parietal and internal cerebral veins (three with involvement of vein of Gallen), four with a defect in the temporooccipital (vein of Labbe) and basal vein of Rosenthal, two with a deficit in the anterior frontotemporal and uncal-pterygoid venous system. One patient had deep venous thrombosis primarily localized to the thalami bilaterally and the basal ganglia on the right because of occlusion of the thalamostriate veins. The main presenting symptoms of CDVT were headache, focal neurologic signs, partial complex or secondary generalized seizures, and consciousness disturbances in those with deep venous thrombosis, presented alone or in combination at onset. CDVT was more than twofold more frequent in women than in men. Pregnancy, puerperium, oral contraceptive use, and infections were the most common predisposing factors.



Conclusion –  Computerized tomography, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging showing ischemic and/or hemorrhagic lesion that does not follow the boundary of classical arterial boundaries without signs of sinus thrombosis, and partial or generalized seizures followed by focal neurologic signs may predict CDVT. The outcome of patients with cortical venous stroke was good, but not in those with cortical plus deep venous infarction.

Cerebral cortical and deep venous thrombosis without sinus thrombosis: clinical MRI correlates

There has been extensive research on binding of transition metal complexes to DNA via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Most indicator based electrochemical DNA biosensors have used cationic metal complexes that interact in a different way with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Described here are the electrochemical parameters for a mixed-ligand complex, [Co(phen)33+] (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline), on binding to DNA. The milimolar quantities of [Co(phen)33+], which associates reversibly with immobilized calf thymus DNA was detected by using dsDNA-modified carbon paste electrode (dsDNA-modified CPE), ssDNA-modified carbon paste electrode (ssDNA-modified CPE) and bare carbon paste electrode (bare CPE), voltammetrically and the decreased peak currents were observed, respectively. The extend of hybridization between the complementary sequences is determined by the enhancement of the voltammetric peak of the [Co(phen)33+] indicator. Numerous factors affecting the DNA immobilization and indicator were investigated. Experiments were also performed at various salt concentrations and the optimum salt concentration was determined. The difference between the peak currents of denaturated calf thymus DNA (ssDNA)-modified CPE and dsDNA-modified CPE was also observed. These results demonstrated the use of the electroactive hybridization indicator, [Co(phen)33+] for DNA biosensors.

Detection of Interaction Between Metal Complex Indicator and DNA by Using Electrochemical Biosensor

Four rare cases of intracranial intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) manifesting as cranial nerve disturbances occurred in 16-, 18-, 24-, and 28-year-old females. Magnetic resonance imaging showed all lesions as isointense with strong enhancement on T1-weighted images, and as hyperintense on T2-weighted images. All lesions were removed via craniotomies. Histological examination found vascular structures and papillary spaces lined with endothelial cells showing immunoreactivity for CD31. Complete removal was curative in two cases, whereas incomplete removal resulted in cure in one case and residual deficits in one case. Iatrogenic deficits should be avoided in IPEH treatment by surgery. Differentiation from neoplasm such as angiosarcoma depends on histological characteristics.

Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia of the Central Nervous System(Four Case Reports)

Introduction
To examine the clinical and radiologic findings of patients with developmental venous anomaly (DVA) associated with intracranial haemorrhage but unrelated to cavernoma.

Developmental venous anomaly (DVA) with arterial component: a rare cause of intracranial haemorrhage.

The effect of the surface boundary between free space and a conducting medium on the excitation properties of neurons by magnetic fields is analyzed. The electric field and the spatial derivative of the induced field generated by a coil mounted both parallel and perpendicular to the surface of a semi-infinite conducting medium were calculated using the method of images. An imaginary axon is located in the same relative position from the coil in both configurations and the excitation properties are compared. The calculations are expressed in terms of the activating function for the electrical stimulation of axons. The calculations indicate that the activating function of magnetic stimulation is biphasic as opposed to triphasic for electrical stimulation. The large spatial extent of the magnetically induced electric field compared to the electric field generated by a point source electrode suggests a different mode of excitation for neuronal structures in the CNS. The field distribution has been verified experimentally. >

Tayfun Dalbasti

Papers

Cerebral cortical and deep venous thrombosis without sinus thrombosis: clinical MRI correlates

Detection of Interaction Between Metal Complex Indicator and DNA by Using Electrochemical Biosensor

Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia of the Central Nervous System(Four Case Reports)

Developmental venous anomaly (DVA) with arterial component: a rare cause of intracranial haemorrhage.

Effect of surface boundary on neuronal magnetic stimulation