Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery.

The skin offers an accessible and convenient site for the administration of medications. To this end, the field of transdermal drug delivery, aimed at developing safe and efficacious means of delivering medications across the skin, has in the past and continues to garner much time and investment with the continuous advancement of new and innovative approaches. This review details the progress and current status of the transdermal drug delivery field and describes numerous pharmaceutical developments which have been employed to overcome limitations associated with skin delivery systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches are detailed, commercially marketed products are highlighted and particular attention is paid to the emerging field of microneedle technologies.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/7/4/438/pdf

Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the Stratum Corneum

Oral Druggable Space beyond the Rule of 5: Insights from Drugs and Clinical Candidates

Infectious diseases are a major global health issue. Diagnosis is a critical first step in effectively managing their spread. Paper-based microfluidic diagnostics first emerged in 2007 as a low-cost alternative to conventional laboratory testing, with the goal of improving accessibility to medical diagnostics in developing countries. In this review, we examine the advances in paper-based microfluidic diagnostics for medical diagnosis in the context of global health from 2007 to 2016. The theory of fluid transport in paper is first presented. The next section examines the strategies that have been employed to control fluid and analyte transport in paper-based assays. Tasks such as mixing, timing, and sequential fluid delivery have been achieved in paper and have enabled analytical capabilities comparable to those of conventional laboratory methods. The following section examines paper-based sample processing and analysis. The most impactful advancement here has been the translation of nucleic acid analysis...

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Turning the Page: Advancing Paper-Based Microfluidics for Broad Diagnostic Application.

Metal‐Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications: Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity Aspects

Objectives One of the thrust areas in drug delivery research is transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) due to their characteristic advantages over oral and parenteral drug delivery systems Researchers have focused their attention on the use of microneedles to overcome the barrier of the stratum corneum Microneedles deliver the drug into the epidermis without disruption of nerve endings Recent advances in the development of microneedles are discussed in this review for the benefit of young scientists and to promote research in the area

Key findings  Microneedles are fabricated using a microelectromechanical system employing silicon, metals, polymers or polysaccharides Solid coated microneedles can be used to pierce the superficial skin layer followed by delivery of the drug Advances in microneedle research led to development of dissolvable/degradable and hollow microneedles to deliver drugs at a higher dose and to engineer drug release Iontophoresis, sonophoresis and electrophoresis can be used to modify drug delivery when used in concern with hollow microneedles Microneedles can be used to deliver macromolecules such as insulin, growth hormones, immunobiologicals, proteins and peptides Microneedles containing ‘cosmeceuticals’ are currently available to treat acne, pigmentation, scars and wrinkles, as well as for skin tone improvement

Summary  Literature survey and patents filled revealed that microneedle-based drug delivery system can be explored as a potential tool for the delivery of a variety of macromolecules that are not effectively delivered by conventional transdermal techniques

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01369.x

Microneedles: an emerging transdermal drug delivery system.

Heterogeneous surface architectured metal-organic frameworks for cancer therapy, imaging, and biosensing: A state-of-the-art review

Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a potent macrolide lactone immunosuppressive agent used for prophylaxis of organ rejection after transplantation and graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation in patients. Moreover, tacrolimus is a drug of choice in the treatment of atopic dermatitis for decreasing side effects associated with the use of topical corticosteroids. In spite of its success in ensuring graft survival, therapeutic use of tacrolimus is complicated due to its narrow therapeutic index (between 5 and 15 ng/ml). Tacrolimus has a large inter-/intra-patient variability in pharmacokinetics profile and a poor oral bioavailability because of its poor solubility, P-gp efflux, marked pre-systemic metabolism by CYP3A in the enterocytes and liver first pass effect. Several formulation approaches such as oily solution, solid dispersions, complexation with cyclodextrins, liposomes etc., have been investigated to improve oral delivery of FK 506. In this review, we have discussed various formulation approaches that have been undertaken by various researchers to solve the problems related to the drug delivery of tacrolimus.

http://jpionline.phcog.interactivedns.com/index.php/ijpi/article/download/293/295

Formulation strategies for drug delivery of tacrolimus: An overview

Introduction: Skin is an important route of drug delivery for the treatment of various dermatological conditions. The advent of nanotechnology is paving the roadmaps for topical drug delivery by pr...

Nanocrystal: a novel approach to overcome skin barriers for improved topical drug delivery

Abstract Starch is a widely used component in the food industry. Native starch does not have the desired properties, so it is modified according to the required properties. Out of different methods, crosslinking is one of the widely used ones. There are different crosslinking agents available. The method and mechanism of widely used crosslinking agents like phosphorous oxychloride, adipate and epichlorohydrin are discussed and compared. When starch is crosslinked, its properties vary. The extent of crosslinking can be predicted with the help of properties like viscosity and swelling. They are also compared for crosslinking by different agents.

Tejal Mehta

Papers

Microneedles: an emerging transdermal drug delivery system.

Heterogeneous surface architectured metal-organic frameworks for cancer therapy, imaging, and biosensing: A state-of-the-art review

Formulation strategies for drug delivery of tacrolimus: An overview

Nanocrystal: a novel approach to overcome skin barriers for improved topical drug delivery

Crosslinking of starch and its effect on viscosity behaviour