Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Ethnicity without Groups 2. Beyond "Identity" 3. Ethnicity as Cognition 4. Ethnic and Nationalist Violence 5. The Return of Assimilation? 6. "Civic" and "Ethnic" Nationalism 7. Ethnicity, Migration, and Statehood in Post-Cold War Europe 8. 1848 in 1998: The Politics of Commemoration in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia Notes References Index

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Ethnicity without Groups

Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights: Ethnicity without groups

This article traces the contours of a comparative, global, cross-disciplinary, and multiparadigmatic field that construes ethnicity, race, and nationhood as a single integrated family of forms of cultural understanding, social organization, and political contestation. It then reviews a set of diverse yet related efforts to study the way ethnicity, race, and nation work in social, cultural, and political life without treating ethnic groups, races, or nations as substantial entities, or even taking such groups as units of analysis at all.

Ethnicity, Race, and Nationalism

This book argues that political and economic inequalities following group lines generate grievances that in turn can motivate civil war. Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug offer a theoretical approach that highlights ethnonationalism and how the relationship between group identities and inequalities are fundamental for successful mobilization to resort to violence. Although previous research highlighted grievances as a key motivation for political violence, contemporary research on civil war has largely dismissed grievances as irrelevant, emphasizing instead the role of opportunities. This book shows that the alleged non-results for grievances in previous research stemmed primarily from atheoretical measures, typically based on individual data. The authors develop new indicators of political and economic exclusion at the group level, and show that these exert strong effects on the risk of civil war. They provide new analyses of the effects of transnational ethnic links and the duration of civil wars, and extended case discussions illustrating causal mechanisms.

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Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War

Nationalism has long excited debate in political, social and cultural theory and remains a key field of enquiry among historians, anthropologists, sociologists as well as political scientists. It is also one of the critical media issues of our time. There are, however, surprisingly few volumes that bring together the best of this intellectual diversity into one collection.

The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism

The Soviet Union was the first of Europe's multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and establishing for them many of the institutional forms characteristic of the modern nation-state. In the 1920s, the Bolshevik government, seeking to defuse nationalist sentiment, created tens of thousands of national territories. It trained new national leaders, established national languages, and financed the production of national-language cultural products. This was a massive and fascinating historical experiment in governing a multiethnic state. Terry Martin provides a comprehensive survey and interpretation, based on newly available archival sources, of the Soviet management of the nationalities question. He traces the conflicts and tensions created by the geographic definition of national territories, the establishment of dozens of official national languages, and the world's first mass "affirmative action" programs. Martin examines the contradictions inherent in the Soviet nationality policy, which sought simultaneously to foster the growth of national consciousness among its minority populations while dictating the exact content of their cultures; to sponsor national liberation movements in neighboring countries, while eliminating all foreign influence on the Soviet Union's many diaspora nationalities. Martin explores the political logic of Stalin's policies as he responded to a perceived threat to Soviet unity in the 1930s by re-establishing the Russians as the state's leading nationality and deporting numerous "enemy nations."

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939

Contributors Ronald Gregor Suny and Terry Martin: Introduction Part I: Empire and Nations 1: Ronald Grigor Suny: The Empire Strikes Out: Imperial Russia, "National" Identity, and Theories of Empire 2: Terry Martin: An Affirmative Action Empire: The Soviet Union as the Highest Form of Imperialism Part II: The Revolutionary Conjuncture 3: Joshua Sanborn: Family, Fraternity, and Nation-Building in Russia, 1905-1925 4: Peter Holquist: To Count, to Extract, and to Exterminate: Population Statistics and Population Politics in Late Imperial and Soviet Russia 5: Adeeb Khalid: Nationalizing the Revolution in Central Asia: The Transformation of Jadidism, 1917-1920 Part III: Forging "Nations" 6: Daniel E. Schafer: Local Politics and the Birth of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1919-1920 7: Douglas Northrop: Nationalizing Backwardness: Gender, Empire, and Uzbek Identity Part IV: Stalinism and the Empire of Nations 8: Matt Payne: The Forge of the Kazakh Proletariat? The Turksib, Nativization, and Industrialization during Stalin's First Five-Year Plan 9: Peter A. Blitstein: Nation-Building or Russification? Obligatory Russian Instruction in the Soviet Non-Russian School, 1938-1953 10: Davd Brandenberger: "...It is Imperitive to Advance Russian Nationalism as the First Priority": Debates within the Stalinist Ideological Establishment, 1941-1945 Index

Terry Martin

Papers

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939

A state of nations : empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin

The Affirmative Action Empire

Империя "положительной деятельности" : нации и национализм в СССР, 1923-1939

Государство наций : империя и национальное строительство в эпоху Ленина и Сталина