Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession

The Pd component in the automotive three way catalyst (TWC) experiences deactivation during fuel shutoff, a process employed by automobile companies for enhancing fuel economy when the vehicle is coasting downhill. The process exposes the TWC to a severe oxidative aging environment with the flow of hot (800 °C–1050 °C) air. Simulated fuel shutoff aging at 1050 °C leads to Pd metal sintering, the main cause of irreversible deactivation of 3% Pd/Al2O3 and 3% Pd/CexOy-ZrO2 (CZO) as model catalysts. The effect on the Rh component was presented in our companion paper Part I. Moderate support sintering and Pd-CexOy interactions were also experienced upon aging, but had a minimal effect on the catalyst activity losses. Cooling in air, following aging, was not able to reverse the metallic Pd sintering by re-dispersing to PdO. Unlike the aged Rh-TWCs (Part I), reduction via in situ steam reforming (SR) of exhaust HCs was not effective in reversing the deactivation of aged Pd/Al2O3, but did show a slight recovery of the Pd activity when CZO was the carrier. The Pd+/Pd0 and Ce3+/Ce4+ couples in Pd/CZO are reported to promote the catalytic SR by improving the redox efficiency during the regeneration, while no such promoting effect was observed for Pd/Al2O3. A suggestion is made for improving the catalyst performance.

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Part II: Oxidative Thermal Aging of Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/CexOy-ZrO2 in Automotive Three Way Catalysts: The Effects of Fuel Shutoff and Attempted Fuel Rich Regeneration

• Induced lactation is breast-feeding without prior pregnancy. Preparation includes breast and nipple stimulation, supplementing the maternal diet, and occasional use of hormones. Infants younger than 8 weeks are more willing to nurse than infants older than 8 weeks. Previous lactation experience is related to increased likelihood of milk production, decreased need for supplemental fluids, and duration of breast-feeding. Tandem nursing an older biological infant and the adoptive infant does not guarantee an increase in milk production sufficient to meet the adoptive infant's needs. Three fourths of the women who took part in this questionnaire survey evaluated their experience positively, regardless of infant age at weaning or need for supplemental fluids. Most respondents stressed the maternal-infant relationship and its enhancement through breast-feeding, rather than milk production, as the reason for attempting induced lactation. ( Am J Dis Child 1981;135:340-343)

Induced Lactation: A Study of Adoptive Nursing by 240 Women

Maternal BMI is positively associated with human milk fat: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

Resumo: Esta investigacao teve por objetivos gerais: a) identificar fatores de risco e de protecao associados a Depressao Pos-Parto (DPP); e b) avaliar a contribuicao do Pre-Natal Psicologico (PNP) como programa de prevencao em Saude da Mulher. Para tanto, empreendeu-se uma pesquisa-acao organizada em tres fases, reunindo um total de 198 gestantes. Na ultima fase, as participantes foram distribuidas em Grupo Intervencao – GI (n = 47) e Grupo Controle – GC (n = 29). Para coleta de dados, utilizaram-se: Questionario Gestacional, BAI, BDI-II e EPDS. Os dados foram submetidos a analises estatisticas descritivas e comparativas. Nao foi possivel relacionar variaveis socioeconomicas, participacao no PNP e desejo de gravidez com maior risco de DPP. Em contrapartida, verificou-se tal associacao quanto a gravidez nao planejada e a falta de apoio do pai do bebe. Contrariamente ao GC, nao se constatou associacao entre ansiedade e depressao gestacionais com a DPP no GI. Nesse grupo, 10,64% das puerperas revelaram tendencia para DPP, ao passo que, em GC, 44,83% mostraram tal propensao. Em suma, considera-se que o PNP, somado a fatores de protecao, constitui acao preventiva a ser desenvolvida pelo profissional de Psicologia no contexto do acompanhamento pre e pos-natal.

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Fatores de Risco e Proteção Associados à Depressão Pós-Parto no Pré-Natal Psicológico

SUMMARY. Macronutrients in milk of undernourished mothers. In a prospective, no experimental and comparative analysis, the relationship between the mother’s nutritional conditional and their macronutrient’s concentrations was evaluated in 40 samples from mothers who had children 15 days to 6 months old, in a hospital setting at the Emergency room of the Pediatric Ward of Maracaibo’s University Hospital in Maracaibo, Venezuela in one year period. Milk from two groups of 20 mothers each was analyzed: Group A (Experimental), mothers with undernourishment and Group B (Control), mothers with adequate nutritional status. Fat content was 3.8 ± 0.32 g/dl and 5.5 ± 1.08 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0001); proteins were 1.8 ± 0.21 g/dl and 2.4 ± 0.32 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0001), and carbohydrates were 6.06 ± 0.43 g/dl and 5.7 ± 0.45 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0136). In addition, caloric value was also different: 65.92 ± 15. 16.68 kcal/l and 83.25 ± 9.4 kcal/dl (p = 0.0002). The undernourished were in the range of group V Graffar Mendez-Castellano, confirming the relationship between undernutrition and poverty. It is concluded that the proteins, fat concentrations and the caloric value in the breast milk from undernourished mothers are of lower value than the nourished well mothers.

Macronutrientes en leche de madres desnutridas

(71,13 %); no estudiaban (41,46.%), no completaron la secundaria (78,54.%), dedicadas a oficios del hogar (68,29 %); en concubinato (55,12 %), estrato socioeconomico: nivel V (52,68 %); sin consumo de alcohol, drogas o tabaco (100 %); venezolanas (97,56 %), raza mestiza (61,46.%); residenciadas en zonas urbanas (62,44.%); viven con familia materna y padre del nino (41,95.%), familias disfuncionales (55,61 %); rechazo familiar (65,85 %); embarazos no deseados (88,29 %); sin intentos de aborto en 82,93 %. Menarquia con media de 11,81 ±1,09 anos, inicio de relaciones sexuales: 14,67±1,11 anos; mal control prenatal (64,39 %), primiparidad (72,68.%) nacimiento por parto (56,59 %), entre 34 y menores de 38 semanas de gestacion (79,51 %); neonato hembra (58,05 %); peso entre 1 501-2.500 g (45,37 %); adecuados para la edad gestacional (79,51 %); buen Apgar al minuto (56,59 %), a los cinco (74,63 %). Presentaron patologias maternas (100 %) y del neonato (89 %). Conclusiones: El bajo nivel socioeconomico y factores de riesgo familiar se relacionan con la prematuridad en el embarazo de estas adolescentes. Palabras clave: Factores de riesgo. Prematuridad. Embarazo. Adolescencia SUMMARY Objective: To determine risk factors associated with prematurity in infants children of 205 teenagers at the Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza”, Maracaibo, maternity leave from January - August 2012. Method: Descriptive, prospective and transversal study was interviewing the mother and review of clinical histories, the mother and the newborn; collected indicators: personal, socio-economic, demographic, gyneco-obstetrical and birth factors. Results: There were 15.13 % adolescents with premature children; between 17 and 19 years old (67.31 %); body mass index: 18, 5-24, 99 kg/m 2 (71.13 %); not studied (41.46 %), have not completed high school (78.54 %), dedicated to offices of the household (68,29 %); in concubinage (55.12.%), socio-economic stratum: level V (52.68 %); no consumption of alcohol, drugs or tobacco (100.%). Venezuelans (97.56 %), mixed race (61.46 %); domiciled in urban areas (62.44 %); living with mother’s family and the father of the child (41.95 %), dysfunctional families (55.61 %); family rejection (65,85 %) and unwanted pregnancies (88.29 %); no attempts of abortion in 82.93 %. Menarche with average of 11.81 ±1, 09 years, home of intercourse: 14, 67±1, 11 years; poor prenatal care (64.39 %), primiparidad (72.68 %) birth by birth (56.59 %), between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation (79.51 %) children; female neonate (58.05 %), weight between 1 501-2 500 g (45.37 %); appropriate for gestational age (79.51 %); good Apgar score at the minute (56.59 %), five (74.63 %). They presented maternal diseases (100 %) and neonatal (89 %). Conclusions: Low socioeconomic and family risk factors is related to prematurity in these teen pregnancy.

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Factores de riesgo asociados a la prematuridad en recién nacidos de madres adolescentes

SUMMARY. Macronutrients in mature milk of teenagers and adult mothers. This is a comparative, prospective and non-experimental study that evaluated the level of macronutrients in teenage mothers’mature breastmilk. The sample was represented by mature milk of 52 healthy and eutrophic mothers, divided in two groups: A n=24 constituted by adolescent mothers’s milk among 10 and 18 years and B n=28 formed by adult mothers’s milk among 19 and 35 years who accompanied their children 1-6 months of age hospitalized, from august 2009 to august 2010. The samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The maternal characteristics of group A and B respectively were: mestizo ethnicity 59.4% and 39.9%, average BMI: were 23.55 ± 1.01 kg/m2 and 24.2 ± 0.38 kg/m2. Primiparous were 87.5% in A and 35.7% in B. Age of children

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Thais Álvarez de Acosta

Papers

Macronutrientes en leche de madres desnutridas

Factores de riesgo asociados a la prematuridad en recién nacidos de madres adolescentes

Macronutrientes en la leche madura de madres adolescentes

Relactancia metodo exitoso para reinducir el amamantamiento en madres que abandonaron la lactancia natural

Validez de la palidez palmar para la evaluación y clasificación de la severidad de la anemia en niños menores de 5 años