Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

Statistical Inference from Capture Data on Closed Animal Populations

Statistical methods in medical research , Statistical methods in medical research , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Statistical methods in medical research

Spatio-temporal partitioning is a viable mechanism for minimizing resource competition among sympatric species. The occurrence of sympatric large carnivores – tiger Panthera tigris, leopard Panthera pardus and dhole Cuon alpinus – in forests of the Indian subcontinent is complemented with high dietary overlap. We characterized temporal and spatial patterns of large carnivores with major prey species using photo-captures from 50 camera trap stations in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats during 2008–2010. We tested whether major prey species' activity and spatial use acted as drivers for coexistence among large carnivores. Tiger exhibited cathemeral activity in the night and is spatially correlated with sambar and gaur, supporting hypotheses related to large-sized prey. Leopard was active throughout the day and is spatially correlated with almost all prey species with no active separation from tiger. Dhole exhibited diurnal activity and spatial use in relation to chital and avoided felids to a certain extent. Leopard exhibited spatial correlation with tiger and dhole, while tiger did not correlate with dhole. Leopard exhibited relatively broader temporal and spatial tolerance due to its generalist nature, which permits opportunistic exploitation of resources. This supports the hypothesis that predators actively used areas at the same time as their principal prey species depending upon their body size and morphological adaptation. We conclude that resource partitioning in large carnivores by activity and spatial use of their principal prey governs spatio-temporal separation in large carnivores.

Spatio-temporal partitioning among large carnivores in relation to major prey species in Western Ghats

Density of tiger Panthera tigris and leopard Panthera pardus was estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, from November 2008 to February 2009. A total of 2,000 camera trap nights for 100 days yielded 19 tigers and 29 leopards within an intensive sampling area of 107 km2. Population size of tiger from closed population estimator model Mb Zippin was 19 tigers (SE = ±0.9) and for leopards Mh Jackknife estimated 53 (SE = ±11) individuals. Spatially explicit maximum likelihood and Bayesian model estimates were 8.31 (SE = ±2.73) and 8.9 (SE = ±2.56) per 100 km2 for tigers and 13.17 (SE = ±3.15) and 13.01 (SE = ±2.31) per 100 km2 for leopards, respectively. Tiger density for MMDM models ranged from 6.07 (SE = ±1.74) to 9.72 (SE = ±2.94) per 100 km2 and leopard density ranged from 13.41 (SE = ±2.67) to 28.91 (SE = ±7.22) per 100 km2. Spatially explicit models were more appropriate as they handle information at capture locations in a more specific manner than some generalizations assumed in the classical approach. Results revealed high density of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai which is unusual for other high density tiger areas. The tiger population in Mudumalai is a part of the largest population at present in India and a source for the surrounding Reserved Forest.

Density of tiger and leopard in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, as estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling

The Drakensberg Midlands, South Africa are experiencing unprecedented levels of habitat change. Despite the serval (Leptailurus serval) being a near-threatened wetland specialist, no studies have investigated their response to land use. To assess their abundance, we used camera trapping at 3 sites differing in intensity of farmland use with capture–recapture models. A total of 1,320 camera trap nights across the 3 sites yielded 26 and 28 servals. We detected no major difference in servals/100 km 2 among the 3 sites using spatially explicit maximumlikelihood (7.6 6 2.3; 6.5 6 2.7; 6.5 6 2.6) and Bayesian (7.7 6 1.6; 6.2 6 1.9; 6.9 6 2.1) methods in sites A, B, and C, respectively. Servals were mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. The Mardia–Watson–Wheeler test showed significant difference in activity in A and C compared with B, whereas it showed no difference between A and C. Servals avoided activity during the day in the intensively farmed B. Abundance analysis at the broader habitat scale may not have detected variation among sites. Differences need to be tested at smaller spatial scales. The statistical approaches in this study provide the 1st robust estimation of serval population size. This estimation of a medium-sized felid with changing land use can assist their management and conservation.

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-mammalogy/volume-94/issue-6/13-MAMM-A-063.1/Impact-of-farmland-use-on-population-density-and-activity-patterns/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-063.1.pdf

Impact of farmland use on population density and activity patterns of serval in South Africa

Due to their secretive habits, predicting the pattern of spatial distribution of small carnivores has been typically challenging, yet for conservation management it is essential to understand the association between this group of animals and environmental factors We applied maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt) to build distribution models and identify environmental predictors including bioclimatic variables, forest and land cover type, topography, vegetation index and anthropogenic variables for six small carnivore species in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Species occurrence records were collated from camera-traps and vehicle transects during the years 2010 and 2011 We used the average training gain from forty model runs for each species to select the best set of predictors The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic plot (ROC) ranged from 081 to 093 for the training data and 072 to 087 for the test data In habitat models for F chaus, P hermaphroditus, and H smithii “distance to village” and precipitation of the warmest quarter emerged as some of the most important variables “Distance to village” and aspect were important for V indica while “distance to village” and precipitation of the coldest quarter were significant for H vitticollis “Distance to village”, precipitation of the warmest quarter and land cover were influential variables in the distribution of H edwardsii The map of predicted probabilities of occurrence showed potentially suitable habitats accounting for 46 km2 of the reserve for F chaus, 62 km2 for V indica, 30 km2 for P hermaphroditus, 63 km2 for H vitticollis, 45 km2 for H smithii and 28 km2 for H edwardsii Habitat heterogeneity driven by the east-west climatic gradient was correlated with the spatial distribution of small carnivores This study exemplifies the usefulness of modeling small carnivore distribution to prioritize and direct conservation planning for habitat specialists in southern India

/pdf/predicting-the-distribution-pattern-of-small-carnivores-in-mqbo3jd7kl.pdf

Tharmalingam Ramesh

Papers

Spatio-temporal partitioning among large carnivores in relation to major prey species in Western Ghats

Density of tiger and leopard in a tropical deciduous forest of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India, as estimated using photographic capture–recapture sampling

Impact of farmland use on population density and activity patterns of serval in South Africa

Predicting the distribution pattern of small carnivores in response to environmental factors in the Western Ghats.

Impact of land use on occupancy and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the Drakensberg Midlands, South Africa