人教版高中英语新课程教材中,语言运用（Using Language）是每个单元必不可少的部分,提供了围绕单元中心话题的听、说、读、写的综合性练习,是单元中心话题的延续和升华.如何设计Using Language部分的教学,使自己的教学模式既不落俗套,又能真正体现新课程标准所倡导的教学理念,正是广大一线英语教师一直努力探索的问题.

打磨Using Language,倡导新理念

The ability to manage knowledge has become increasingly important in today's knowledge economy. Knowledge is considered a valuable commodity, embedded in products and in the tacit knowledge of highly mobile individual employees. Knowledge management (KM) represents a deliberate and systematic approach to cultivating and sharing an organization's knowledge base. It is a highly multidisciplinary field that encompasses both information technology and intellectual capital. This textbook and professional reference offers a comprehensive overview of the field of KM, providing both a substantive theoretical grounding and a pragmatic approach to applying key concepts. Drawing on ideas, tools, and techniques from such disciplines as sociology, cognitive science, organizational behavior, and information science, the text describes KM theory and practice at the individual, community, and organizational levels. It offers illuminating case studies and vignettes from companies including IBM, Xerox, British Telecommunications, JP Morgan Chase, and Nokia. This second edition has been updated and revised throughout. New material has been added on the information and library science perspectives, taxonomies and knowledge classification, the media richness of the knowledge-sharing channel, e-learning, social networking in KM contexts, strategy tools, results-based outcome assessments, knowledge continuity and organizational learning models, KM job descriptions, copyleft and Creative Commons, and other topics. New case studies and vignettes have been added; and the references and glossary have been updated and expanded.

http://msjavan.persiangig.com/document/Research2/km%20book.pdf

Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice

Este texto apresenta a origem da ferramenta de mapas conceituais e descreve brevemente o inicio do seu desenvolvimento. Apresentam-se algumas das ideias da Teoria da Assimilacao de Ausubel (1963, 1968) que serviram como base para a criacao dos mapas conceituais, destacando-se a importância da assimilacao de novos conceitos e proposicoes na estrutura cognitiva previa do aprendiz para a construcao de signifi cados. Apresentam-se ainda as bases epistemologicas dessa teoria de aprendizagem cognitiva, incluindo-se a ideia de que a producao criativa de um novo conhecimento pode ser entendida como um nivel bastante avancado de aprendizagem signifi cativa, processo que pode ser facilitado pela utilizacao de mapas conceituais. Busca-se ilustrar a larga variedade das ferramentas disponiveis no programa gratuito CmapTools, cujas varias aplicacoes incluem o auxilio ao desenvolvimento da aprendizagem signifi cativa e do curriculo, a captura e retencao de conhecimento especializado tacito e explicito e o fortalecimento da producao criativa. O uso do programa CmapTools, de fontes da internet e de outros recursos digitais prepara um poderoso Novo Modelo de Educacao, levando a criacao de portfolios de conhecimento individual, capazes de registrar a aprendizagem signifi cativa e embasar qualquer futura aprendizagem afi m. O programa CmapTools oferece ainda amplo suporte para colaboracao, bem como para a publicacao e compartilhamento de modelos de conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Mapa conceitual. Aprendizagem signifi cativa. Programa Cmaptools.

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A teoria subjacente aos mapas conceituais e como elaborá-los e usá-los

C oncept maps are tools for organizing and representing knowledge. They include concepts, usually enclosed in circles or boxes of some type, and relationships between concepts or propositions, indicated by a connecting line between two concepts. Words on the line specify the relationship between the two concepts. We define concept as a perceived regularity in events or objects, or records of events or objects, designated by a label. The label for most concepts is a word, although sometimes we use symbols such as + or %. Propositions are statements about some object or event in the universe, either naturally occurring or constructed. Propositions contain two or more concepts connected with other words to form a meaningful statement. Sometimes these are called semantic units,or units of meaning. Figure 1 shows an example of a concept map that describes the structure of concept maps and illustrates the above characteristics.

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The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How To Construct Them

Neuromorphic computing has come to refer to a variety of brain-inspired computers, devices, and models that contrast the pervasive von Neumann computer architecture This biologically inspired approach has created highly connected synthetic neurons and synapses that can be used to model neuroscience theories as well as solve challenging machine learning problems The promise of the technology is to create a brain-like ability to learn and adapt, but the technical challenges are significant, starting with an accurate neuroscience model of how the brain works, to finding materials and engineering breakthroughs to build devices to support these models, to creating a programming framework so the systems can learn, to creating applications with brain-like capabilities In this work, we provide a comprehensive survey of the research and motivations for neuromorphic computing over its history We begin with a 35-year review of the motivations and drivers of neuromorphic computing, then look at the major research areas of the field, which we define as neuro-inspired models, algorithms and learning approaches, hardware and devices, supporting systems, and finally applications We conclude with a broad discussion on the major research topics that need to be addressed in the coming years to see the promise of neuromorphic computing fulfilled The goals of this work are to provide an exhaustive review of the research conducted in neuromorphic computing since the inception of the term, and to motivate further work by illuminating gaps in the field where new research is needed

A Survey of Neuromorphic Computing and Neural Networks in Hardware.

Concept maps are an effective way of representing a person’s understanding of a domain of knowledge. Technology can further help by making it easy to construct and modify that representation, to manage large representations for complex domains, and to allow groups of people to share in the construction of the concept maps. CmapTools is a software environment developed at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) that empowers users, individually or collaboratively, to represent their knowledge using concept maps, to share them with peers and colleagues, and to publish them. It is available for free for educational and not-for-profit organizations, and public servers have been established to promote the sharing of knowledge. The client-server architecture of CmapTools allows easy publishing of the knowledge models in concept map servers (CmapServers), and enables concept maps to be linked to related concept maps and to other types of media (e.g., images, videos, web pages, etc.) in other servers. The collaboration features enable remote users to asynchronously and/or synchronously collaborate in the construction of concept maps, and promote comments, criticism, and peer review. Public CmapServers have resulted in a large collection of knowledge models publicly available, constructed by users of all ages in a variety of domains of knowledge and from a large number of countries.

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CmapTools: A Knowledge Modeling and Sharing Environment

Information visualization has been a research topic for many years, leading to a mature field where guidelines and practices are well established. Knowledge visualization, in contrast, is a relatively new area of research that has received more attention recently due to the interest from the business community in Knowledge Management. In this paper we present the CmapTools software as an example of how concept maps, a knowledge visualization tool, can be combined with recent technology to provide integration between knowledge and information visualizations. We show how concept map-based knowledge models can be used to organize repositories of information in a way that makes them easily browsable, and how concept maps can improve searching algorithms for the Web. We also report on how information can be used to complement knowledge models and, based on the searching algorithms, improve the process of constructing concept maps.

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Concept maps: integrating knowledge and information visualization

The processing element is useful in solving problems from the class of temporal signal processing problems and is modeled closely on the sub-cellular biology and electrophysiology of neurons having chemical synapses.

Asynchronous temporal neural processing element

This paper describes a new environment, COE, for capturing and formally representing expert knowledge for use in the Semantic Web. COE exploits the ease of use and rapid knowledge construction capabilities of the CmapTools concept mapping system and extends them to support the import and export of formal, machine-interpretable knowledge representations, such as OWL, across multiple ontologies. Pragati's ExpozT tool suite complements COE's ontology construction, browsing and navigation features by providing cluster-based search capabilities that expose existing reusable concepts relevant to the user's focus of attention.

Collaborative knowledge capture in ontologies

A user interface method and system are disclosed that allow for user selection on a display device of one or more functions performed via a computer in an automated optical inspection system. The user interface provides a real-time information display that makes apparent critical board inspection information and potential undesirable operating conditions so that corrective action can be rapidly initiated. The user interface includes one or more button icons respectively associated with the user selectable functions and at least one view area window for displaying information items. The information items displayed in a view window can be dynamically linked to provide interactivity between windows and simultaneous updating of related information items in all windows. A filter area window is used for selecting which information items to discriminate and display in the view windows. The user interface of the present invention can be a graphical user interface having view windows in which either text, graphics or both are displayed simultaneously.

Thomas C. Eskridge

Papers

CmapTools: A Knowledge Modeling and Sharing Environment

Concept maps: integrating knowledge and information visualization

Asynchronous temporal neural processing element

Collaborative knowledge capture in ontologies

User interface for automated optical inspection systems