We review the dynamical mean-field theory of strongly correlated electron systems which is based on a mapping of lattice models onto quantum impurity models subject to a self-consistency condition. This mapping is exact for models of correlated electrons in the limit of large lattice coordination (or infinite spatial dimensions). It extends the standard mean-field construction from classical statistical mechanics to quantum problems. We discuss the physical ideas underlying this theory and its mathematical derivation. Various analytic and numerical techniques that have been developed recently in order to analyze and solve the dynamical mean-field equations are reviewed and compared to each other. The method can be used for the determination of phase diagrams (by comparing the stability of various types of long-range order), and the calculation of thermodynamic properties, one-particle Green's functions, and response functions. We review in detail the recent progress in understanding the Hubbard model and the Mott metal-insulator transition within this approach, including some comparison to experiments on three-dimensional transition-metal oxides. We present an overview of the rapidly developing field of applications of this method to other systems. The present limitations of the approach, and possible extensions of the formalism are finally discussed. Computer programs for the numerical implementation of this method are also provided with this article.

Dynamical mean-field theory of strongly correlated fermion systems and the limit of infinite dimensions

Multiferroic magnetoelectrics are materials that are both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric in the same phase. As a result, they have a spontaneous magnetization that can be switched by an applied magnetic field, a spontaneous polarization that can be switched by an applied electric field, and often some coupling between the two. Very few exist in nature or have been synthesized in the laboratory. In this paper, we explore the fundamental physics behind the scarcity of ferromagnetic ferroelectric coexistence. In addition, we examine the properties of some known magnetically ordered ferroelectric materials. We find that, in general, the transition metal d electrons, which are essential for magnetism, reduce the tendency for off-center ferroelectric distortion. Consequently, an additional electronic or structural driving force must be present for ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity to occur simultaneously.

Why Are There so Few Magnetic Ferroelectrics

http://sces.phys.utk.edu/mostcited/mc1_1114.pdf

Colossal Magnetoresistant Materials: The Key Role of Phase Separation

Colossal magnetoresistance1—an unusually large change of resistivity observed in certain materials following application of magnetic field—has been extensively researched in ferromagnetic perovskite manganites. But it remains unclear why the magnetoresistive response increases dramatically when the Curie temperature (T C) is reduced. In these materials, T C varies sensitively with changing chemical pressure; this can be achieved by introducing trivalent rare-earth ions of differing size into the perovskite structure2,3,4, without affecting the valency of the Mn ions. The chemical pressure modifies local structural parameters such as the Mn–O bond distance and Mn–O–Mn bond angle, which directly influence the case of electron hopping between Mn ions (that is, the electronic bandwidth). But these effects cannot satisfactorily explain the dependence of magnetoresistance on T C. Here we demonstrate, using electron microscopy data, that the prototypical (La,Pr,Ca)MnO3 system is electronically phase-separated into a sub-micrometre-scale mixture of insulating regions (with a particular type of charge-ordering) and metallic, ferromagnetic domains. We find that the colossal magnetoresistive effect in low-T C systems can be explained by percolative transport through the ferromagnetic domains; this depends sensitively on the relative spin orientation of adjacent ferromagnetic domains which can be controlled by applied magnetic fields.

Percolative phase separation underlies colossal magnetoresistance in mixed-valent manganites

We review recent experimental work falling under the broad classification of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), which is magnetoresistance associated with a ferromagnetic-toparamagnetic phase transition. The prototypical CMR compound is derived from the parent compound, perovskite LaMnO 3. When hole doped at a concentration of 20–40% holes/Mn ion, for instance by Ca or Sr substitution for La, the material displays a transition from a high-temperature paramagnetic insulator to a low-temperature ferromagnetic metal. Near the phase transition temperature, which can exceed room temperature in some compositions, large magnetoresistance is observed and its possible application in magnetic recording has revived interest in these materials. In addition, unusual magneto-elastic effects and charge ordering have focused attention on strong electron–phonon coupling. This coupling, which is a type of dynamic extended-system version of the Jahn–Teller effect, in conjunction with the double-exchange interaction, is also viewed as essential for a microscopic description of CMR in the manganite perovskites. Large magnetoresistance is also seen in other systems, namely Tl 2Mn2O7 and some Cr chalcogenide spinels, compounds which differ greatly from the manganite perovskites. We describe the relevant points of contrast between the various CMR materials.

REVIEW ARTICLE: Colossal magnetoresistance

A highly oriented layer structure was achieved in Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor ribbons by a combination processing of spray coating on silver foil, cold rolling and partial melting. Excellent transport J c values as high as 230 000 A/cm 2 at 4.2 K, H ⊥ ab ∼8 T have been obtained. Preliminary attempts to further improve the critical currents of the superconductor-on-silver ribbons by proton irradiation have not been successful as both the transport and the apparent magnetization J c 's are found to be monotonically reduced with increased fluence of irradiation. This is in contrast to the results of neutron irradiation on bulk Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O on which a significant increase in J c (magn) is observed. Further studies are needed for better understanding of the irradiation effects in the ribbon samples.

High critical currents in c-axis textured Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor ribbons

Essentially cobalt-free alloys are disclosed having a coercive force which is greater than or equal to 40 oersteds and having a magnetic squareness which is greater than or equal to 0.6. Such alloys comprise Fe, Ni, and Mo, and their approximate compositions are specified by 16-30 weight percent Ni and 3-10 weight percent Mo, remainder essentially Fe. Disclosed alloys are useful in memory and security devices.

Fe-Ni-Mo magnet alloys and devices

The chemical reactions of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ with intimately mixed platinum-group metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru) or Re during sintering severely suppress and broaden the superconducting transition to below ∼ 40 K. However, it has been discovered that an essentially complete recovery of 90 K T c can be obtained in some samples (doped with Pt, Rh, Re) by proper melt processing of the superconductor. SEM and X-ray analysis indicates that a phase separation occurs during melting of these doped materials, with one of the phases actually draining the doped elements away from the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ phase, making the latter essentially chemically pure. The results are of technological interest in view of the lack of high melting-point metals which are non-poisonous in contact with Y-Ba-Cu-O. Some of the metals could be used as a substrate or clad material during high temperature melt processing.

Recovery of high-Tc superconductivity in Y-Ba-Cu-O doped with reacting metals

Production of superconductor and device and system comprising same

Articles comprising a quantity of superconductive oxide material can be fabricated by a process that comprises melting of part of an oxide precursor material, with resultant directional resolidification. Exemplary embodiments comprise zone melting and movement of the hot zone through the precursor material. The method can result in superconductive material having improved properties, e.g., higher critical current, as compared to prior art oxide superconductors.

Thomas Henry Tiefel

Papers

High critical currents in c-axis textured Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor ribbons

Fe-Ni-Mo magnet alloys and devices

Recovery of high-Tc superconductivity in Y-Ba-Cu-O doped with reacting metals

Production of superconductor and device and system comprising same

Method of fabricating a superconductive body