RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. The mediators of sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation are 21- and 22-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer dsRNAs. Here we show that 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes specifically suppress expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in different mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney (293) and HeLa cells. Therefore, 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes provide a new tool for studying gene function in mammalian cells and may eventually be used as gene-specific therapeutics.

Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been associated with cancer-cell invasion and metastasis. This provided the rationale for clinical trials of MMP inhibitors, unfortunately with disappointing results. We now know, however, that the MMPs have functions other than promotion of invasion, have substrates other than components of the extracellular matrix, and that they function before invasion in the development of cancer. With this knowledge in hand, can we rethink the use of MMP inhibitors in the clinic?

New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression

▪ Abstract The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a multigene family of over 25 secreted and cell surface enzymes that process or degrade numerous pericellular substrates. Their targets include other proteinases, proteinase inhibitors, clotting factors, chemotactic molecules, latent growth factors, growth factor–binding proteins, cell surface receptors, cell-cell adhesion molecules, and virtually all structural extracellular matrix proteins. Thus MMPs are able to regulate many biologic processes and are closely regulated themselves. We review recent advances that help to explain how MMPs work, how they are controlled, and how they influence biologic behavior. These advances shed light on how the structure and function of the MMPs are related and on how their transcription, secretion, activation, inhibition, localization, and clearance are controlled. MMPs participate in numerous normal and abnormal processes, and there are new insights into the key substrates and mechanisms responsible for regula...

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How Matrix Metalloproteinases Regulate Cell Behavior

Cellular Motility Driven by Assembly and Disassembly of Actin Filaments

A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

Preface.1 Introduction.1.1 Scope of the Book.1.2 Historical Developments.1.3 Holographic Interferometry as a Measurement Tool.2 Optical Foundations of Holography.2.1 Light Waves.2.2 Interference of Light.2.3 Coherence.2.4 Scalar Diffraction Theory.2.5 Speckles.2.6 Holographic Recording and Optical Reconstruction.2.7 Elements of the Holographic Setup.2.8 CCD- and CMOS-Arrays.3 Digital Recording and Numerical Reconstruction of Wave Fields.3.1 Digital Recording of Holograms.3.2 Numerical Reconstruction by the Fresnel Transform.3.3 Numerical Reconstruction by the Convolution Approach.3.4 Further Numerical Reconstruction Methods.3.5 Wave-Optics Analysis of Digital Holography.3.6 Non-Interferometric Applications of Digital Holography.4 Holographic Interferometry.4.1 Generation of Holographic Interference Patterns.4.2 Variations of the Sensitivity Vectors.4.3 Fringe Localization.4.4 Holographic Interferometric Measurements.5 Quantitative Determination of the Interference Phase.5.1 Roleof Interference Phase.5.2 Disturbances of Holographic Interferograms.5.3 Fringe Skeletonizing.5.4 Temporal Heterodyning.5.5 Phase Sampling Evaluation.5.6 Fourier Transform Evaluation.5.7 Dynamic Evaluation.5.8 Digital Holographic Interferometry.5.9 Interference Phase Demodulation.6 Processing of the Interference Phase.6.1 Displacement Determination.6.2 TheSensitivity Matrix.6.3 Holographic Strain and Stress Analysis.6.4 Hybrid Methods.6.5 Vibration Analysis.6.6 Holographic Contouring.6.7 Contour Measurement by Digital Holography.6.8 Comparative Holographic Interferometry.6.9 Measurement Range Extension.6.10 Refractive Index Fields in Transparent Media.6.11 Defect Detection by Holographic Non-Destructive Testing.7 Speckle Metrology.7.1 Speckle Photography.7.2 Electronic and Digital Speckle Interferometry.7.3 Electro-optic Holography.7.4 Speckle Shearography.Appendix.A Signal Processing Fundamentals.A.1 Overview.A.2 Definition of the Fourier Transform.A.3 Interpretation of the Fourier Transform.A.4 Properties of the Fourier Transform.A.5 Linear Systems.A.6 Fourier Analysis of Sampled Functions.A.7 The Sampling Theorem and Data Truncation Effects.A.8 Interpolation and Resampling.A.9 Two-Dimensional Image Processing.A.10 The Fast Fourier Transform.A.11 Fast Fourier Transform for N!= 2n.A.12 Cosine and Hartley Transform.A.13 The Chirp Function and the Fresnel Transform.B Computer Aided Tomography.B.1 Mathematical Preliminaries.B.2 The Generalized Projection Theorem.B.3 Reconstruction by Filtered Backprojection.B.4 Practical Implementation of Filtered Backprojection .B.5 Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques.C Bessel FunctionsBibliographyAuthor IndexSubject Index.

Handbook of Holographic Interferometry: Optical and Digital Methods

Actin and associated proteins tubulin and associated proteins intermediate filament proteins motor proteins cytoskeletal anchor proteins organelle membrane associated structural proteins other proteins.

Guidebook to the cytoskeletal and motor proteins

A method for accurate phase determination in holographic interferometry using a one- or two-dimensional Fourier transform is described. The method calculates the interference phase pointwise, even between fringe extrema, and thus has advantages over conventional fringe-finding and -tracking methods. Only one interference pattern may be used, although the use of two patterns reconstructed with a mutual phase shift permits an easier phase unwrapping and determination of nonmonotonic fringe-order variations. Additionally, the method offers a means for filtering out disturbances such as speckle noise and background variations.

Digital holographic interference-phase measurement using the Fourier-transform method

This new edition of Guidebook to the Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Proteins brings up-to-date information on the purification, activities, antibodies and genes for the proteins found in the extracellular matrix and those known to be involved in cell-cell contact and adhesion. Since the first edition much has been learned on the structure of these proteins and their diverse roles in cell communication and metabolite exchange. The Sambrook and Tooze guidebooks provide succinct and up-to-date information on particular classes of important biological molecules, accompanied by short bibliographies, which enable both specialists and newcomers to the field to gain access to unfamiliar work. Drawing on a wide range of sources, this volume addresses all aspects of the structure and function of modules in the extracellular matrix, adhesion molecules, cell adhesion and cell-cell contact proteins. This book is intended for postgraduate and professional researchers in biochemistry and cell biology. Biomedical scientists whose research encompasses this field will also find this book useful.

Guidebook to the extracellular matrix, anchor, and adhesion proteins

Holography and holographic interferometry quantitative evaluation of the interference phase processing of the interference phase speckle metrology. Appendices: the Fourier transform diffraction theory computer-aided tomography Bessel functions.

Thomas Kreis

Papers

Handbook of Holographic Interferometry: Optical and Digital Methods

Guidebook to the cytoskeletal and motor proteins

Digital holographic interference-phase measurement using the Fourier-transform method

Guidebook to the extracellular matrix, anchor, and adhesion proteins

Holographic Interferometry: Principles and Methods