This Paper focuses on two distinct facets of globalization: the decrease in the trade costs of goods and the decline of communication costs between headquarters and production facilities within firms. When the unskilled have about the same wage in the two regions, the decrease of these costs fosters the gradual agglomeration of plants in the core region accommodating the headquarters. By contrast, when the wage gap is significant, the process of integration eventually triggers the relocation of plants into the periphery. In particular, when falling communication costs drives the process of relocation, the welfare of all workers living in the core goes down whereas the welfare of those who reside in the periphery rises.

Globalization and the evolution of the supply chain: who gains and who loses ?

Regional Economic Issues--Special Report 25 Years of Transition::Post-Communist Europe and the IMF

Global value chains, technological progress, and environmental pollution: Inequality towards developing countries.

This paper describes the main features of global value chains (GVC) between the euro area taken as a whole and other large world trade players like the USA, China and Japan, which also operate as monetary unions. In addition, the individual euro area countries' perspective is considered, with a specific focus on intra-area linkages. The analysis is primarily based on the concept of foreign value added in exports, which is suitable to assess the pervasiveness of GVC. The paper uses the World Input–Output Database and covers the period 2000–2011, giving also some information on the sectoral dimension of production linkages. The paper concludes that GVC are important for the euro area as whole and there has been a rebound since the trade collapse in 2009. Moreover, there is a strong relevance of regional production linkages in Europe, with a large role for Germany and Central and Eastern European countries.

/pdf/global-value-chains-a-view-from-the-euro-area-4sj8rae6hy.pdf

Global Value Chains: A View from the Euro Area

The spread of global value chains (GVCs) has given rise to new statistical tools, the Inter-Country Input-Output tables and new analytical frameworks aimed at properly identifying production linkages between and within economies. However, several important questions remain unaddressed. This paper proposes a new toolkit for value-added accounting of trade flows at the aggregate, bilateral, and sectoral levels that can be used to investigate a broad set of empirical questions -- including an assessment of the share of trade related to GVCs. The paper shows how different empirical issues require distinct accounting perspectives, and maps these methodologies onto the economic questions they are best suited to address. In this way, in addition to providing novel tools, the paper brings a large part of the related literature under one comprehensive framework.

Measuring What Matters in Global Value Chains and Value-Added Trade

One of the most important recent developments in international trade is the increasing interconnectedness of export production through a vertical trading chain network that streches across many countries, with each country specializing in particular stages of a good’s production. Using value added trade statistics, this paper tries to dissect and reshape understanding of European exports: where exports values are created, the role of vertical supply links in export growth, what is contributing to the growth in supply links, and how comparative advantages of countries are affected by supply links over time. Our analysis finds strong role of supply links in cross-country export performance in Europe, where these links between countries grew based on physical proximity, cost differential and similarity in export structure.

/pdf/export-performance-in-europe-what-do-we-know-from-supply-h1kvfy9020.pdf

Export Performance in Europe: What Do We Know from Supply Links?

Dy3+ doped transparent glass ceramics containing Ba0.808(Al1.71Si2.29)O8 crystal phase are successfully prepared by the melting crystallization method. Through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), the optimum heat treatment condition is determined to be 680 ℃/1.5 h. The absorption spectra of the glass and glass-ceramic samples are used to calculate their indirect allowable optical band gaps. It is found that the optical band gap of glass ceramics narrowed. The emission spectrum shows three emission peaks at 484 nm, 576 nm, and 669 nm, corresponding to the blue, yellow, and red emission of Dy3+. The optimal doping concentration of Dy2O3 is 0.45 mol% , the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of 4540 K, and the CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.3642, 0.3924), which is close to warm white light. The reason for the concentration quenching is the electrical multipolar interaction between Dy3+. 

Preparation and luminescence properties of Dy3+ doped BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics

https://www.imf.org/-/media/Websites/IMF/imported-full-text-pdf/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/_wp1362.ashx

Tianli Zhao

Papers

Export Performance in Europe: What Do We Know from Supply Links?

Preparation and luminescence properties of Dy3+ doped BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramics

Export Performance in Europe : What Do We Know from Supply Links?

A new method to improve the generalization ability of neural networks: A case study of nuclear mass training

Export Performance in Europe; What Do We Know from Supply Links?