https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/58262733/Paper_270918_tracked_changes.pdf

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Мета: оновити клінічні практичні настанови щодо вродженої гіперплазії надниркових залоз унаслідок дефіциту 21-гідроксилази, що були опубліковані Ендокринним Товариством у 2010 році. Висновки: представлені оновлені рекомендації з найкращої практики щодо клінічного управління вродженою гіпер­плазією надниркових залоз на основі опублікованих даних та експертної думки з додатковими міркуваннями щодо безпеки пацієнтів, якості життя, витрат та використання (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103: 1—46, 2018).

Вроджена гіперплазія надниркових залоз внаслідок дефіциту 21-гідроксилази. Клінічні практичні настанови Ендокринологічного Товариства. Частина 1

Background:Few studies of how exposure of children to anesthesia may affect neurodevelopment employ comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to multiple, but not single, procedures requiring anesthesia before age 3 yr is associated with adverse neu

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Neuropsychological and Behavioral Outcomes after Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia: The Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study.

Some epidemiological studies suggest associations between general anaesthesia and long-term cognitive dysfunction in children and the elderly, although these remain to be proven. Here, Vutskits and Xie review the evidence for general anaesthetic-induced cognitive impairment in young and old rodents and non-human primates, and the potential underlying mechanisms.

Lasting impact of general anaesthesia on the brain: mechanisms and relevance.

The FDA has issued a warning regarding use of general anesthetic and sedation drugs in children under 3 years of age and in pregnant women in their third trimester — a warning that will change practice and raise questions that currently have no clear answers.

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1700196

Anesthesia and Developing Brains — Implications of the FDA Warning

Importance Exposure of young animals to commonly used anesthetics causes neurotoxicity including impaired neurocognitive function and abnormal behavior. The potential neurocognitive and behavioral effects of anesthesia exposure in young children are thus important to understand. Objective To examine if a single anesthesia exposure in otherwise healthy young children was associated with impaired neurocognitive development and abnormal behavior in later childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants Sibling-matched cohort study conducted between May 2009 and April 2015 at 4 university-based US pediatric tertiary care hospitals. The study cohort included sibling pairs within 36 months in age and currently 8 to 15 years old. The exposed siblings were healthy at surgery/anesthesia. Neurocognitive and behavior outcomes were prospectively assessed with retrospectively documented anesthesia exposure data. Exposures A single exposure to general anesthesia during inguinal hernia surgery in the exposed sibling and no anesthesia exposure in the unexposed sibling, before age 36 months. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was global cognitive function (IQ). Secondary outcomes included domain-specific neurocognitive functions and behavior. A detailed neuropsychological battery assessed IQ and domain-specific neurocognitive functions. Parents completed validated, standardized reports of behavior. Results Among the 105 sibling pairs, the exposed siblings (mean age, 17.3 months at surgery/anesthesia; 9.5% female) and the unexposed siblings (44% female) had IQ testing at mean ages of 10.6 and 10.9 years, respectively. All exposed children received inhaled anesthetic agents, and anesthesia duration ranged from 20 to 240 minutes, with a median duration of 80 minutes. Mean IQ scores between exposed siblings (scores: full scale = 111; performance = 108; verbal = 111) and unexposed siblings (scores: full scale = 111; performance = 107; verbal = 111) were not statistically significantly different. Differences in mean IQ scores between sibling pairs were: full scale = −0.2 (95% CI, −2.6 to 2.9); performance = 0.5 (95% CI, −2.7 to 3.7); and verbal = −0.5 (95% CI, −3.2 to 2.2). No statistically significant differences in mean scores were found between sibling pairs in memory/learning, motor/processing speed, visuospatial function, attention, executive function, language, or behavior. Conclusions and Relevance Among healthy children with a single anesthesia exposure before age 36 months, compared with healthy siblings with no anesthesia exposure, there were no statistically significant differences in IQ scores in later childhood. Further study of repeated exposure, prolonged exposure, and vulnerable subgroups is needed.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2526640/joi160060.pdf

Timothy J. Cooper

Papers

Association between a single general anesthesia exposure before age 36 months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood