Cancer constitutes an enormous burden on society in more and less economically developed countries alike. The occurrence of cancer is increasing because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of established risk factors such as smoking, overweight, physical inactivity, and changing reproductive patterns associated with urbanization and economic development. Based on GLOBOCAN estimates, about 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths occurred in 2012 worldwide. Over the years, the burden has shifted to less developed countries, which currently account for about 57% of cases and 65% of cancer deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among males in both more and less developed countries, and has surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among females in more developed countries; breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death among females in less developed countries. Other leading causes of cancer death in more developed countries include colorectal cancer among males and females and prostate cancer among males. In less developed countries, liver and stomach cancer among males and cervical cancer among females are also leading causes of cancer death. Although incidence rates for all cancers combined are nearly twice as high in more developed than in less developed countries in both males and females, mortality rates are only 8% to 15% higher in more developed countries. This disparity reflects regional differences in the mix of cancers, which is affected by risk factors and detection practices, and/or the availability of treatment. Risk factors associated with the leading causes of cancer death include tobacco use (lung, colorectal, stomach, and liver cancer), overweight/obesity and physical inactivity (breast and colorectal cancer), and infection (liver, stomach, and cervical cancer). A substantial portion of cancer cases and deaths could be prevented by broadly applying effective prevention measures, such as tobacco control, vaccination, and the use of early detection tests.

/pdf/global-cancer-statistics-2012-18pecqxl5v.pdf

Global cancer statistics, 2012

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem. It is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States, and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 in burden of disease worldwide, according to a study published by the World Bank/World Health Organization. Yet, COPD remains relatively unknown or ignored by the public as well as public health and government officials. In 1998, in an effort to bring more attention to COPD, its management, and its prevention, a committed group of scientists encouraged the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the World Health Organization to form the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Among the important objectives of GOLD are to increase awareness of COPD and to help the millions of people who suffer from this disease and die prematurely of it or its complications. The first step in the GOLD program was to prepare a consensus report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD, published in 2001. The present, newly revised document follows the same format as the original consensus report, but has been updated to reflect the many publications on COPD that have appeared. GOLD national leaders, a network of international experts, have initiated investigations of the causes and prevalence of COPD in their countries, and developed innovative approaches for the dissemination and implementation of COPD management guidelines. We appreciate the enormous amount of work the GOLD national leaders have done on behalf of their patients with COPD. Despite the achievements in the 5 years since the GOLD report was originally published, considerable additional work is ahead of us if we are to control this major public health problem. The GOLD initiative will continue to bring COPD to the attention of governments, public health officials, health care workers, and the general public, but a concerted effort by all involved in health care will be necessary.

https://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/GOLD_WR_06.pdf

Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.

https://caltcm.memberclicks.net/assets/documents/acc_aha_chf_2013_guidelines.pdf

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Background In patients with high cholesterol levels, lowering the cholesterol level reduces the risk of coronary events, but the effect of lowering cholesterol levels in the majority of patients with coronary disease, who have average levels, is less clear. Methods In a double-blind trial lasting five years, we administered either 40 mg of pravastatin per day or placebo to 4159 patients (3583 men and 576 women) with myocardial infarction who had plasma total cholesterol levels below 240 mg per deciliter (mean, 209) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of 115 to 174 mg per deciliter (mean, 139). The primary end point was a fatal coronary event or a nonfatal myocardial infarction. Results The frequency of the primary end point was 10.2 percent in the pravastatin group and 13.2 percent in the placebo group, an absolute difference of 3 percentage points and a 24 percent reduction in risk (95 percent confidence interval, 9 to 36 percent; P = 0.003). Coronary bypass surgery was needed in 7.5 per...

The Effect of Pravastatin on Coronary Events after Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Average Cholesterol Levels

Objective.The objective of this study was to compare the effects of written and computerized decision support aids (DSAs) based on U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research depression guidelines.Methods.Fifty-six internal medicine residents were randomized to evaluate clinical scenarios using either a written or a computerized DSA after first assessing scenarios without a DSA. The paired difference between aided and unaided scores was determined for diagnostic accuracy, treatment selection, severity and subtype classification, antipsychotic use, and mental health consultations.Results.Diagnostic accuracy with the written DSA increased from 64% to 73%, and with the computerized DSA decreased from 67% to 64% (P = 0.0065). Residents using the computerized DSA (vs. no DSA) requested fewer consultations (65% vs. 52%, P = 0.028). In post hoc analysis, the written DSA increased sensitivity (66% to 89%, P < 0.001) and the computerized DSA improved specificity (66% to 86%, P = 0.0020) but reduced sensitivity...

Effect of written and computerized decision support aids for the U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research depression guidelines on the evaluation of hypothetical clinical scenarios.

Papers p 1059 

Lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia become increasingly prevalent with age. While rarely life threatening, bothersome irritative urinary symptoms like urgency, frequency, and nocturia, and obstructive ones like a weak stream, hesitancy, intermittency, and incomplete emptying occur in up to 70% of men aged 70 years and older. Community and practice based studies suggest that men can expect slow progression of the symptoms. However, these symptoms can wax and wane without treatment, and rates of acute urinary retention range from 1-2% per year.1 By the age of 80 years, an estimated one in four men will have undergone treatment to relieve symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia that reduce quality of life.2

Treatment options depend, in part, on the severity of symptoms and how bothersome they are. Options include watchful waiting (conservative or lifestyle management), phytotherapies, prescription medications, surgical procedures, and minimally invasive techniques. To help choose between treatments patients and providers rely on evidence from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews to provide reliable information about efficacy and safety of various treatments.

For many years, transurethral resection of the prostate has been the gold standard treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. In 1994, almost 400 000 procedures were performed in the United States at a total cost of $5 billion.3 In the United Kingdom approximately 40 000 resections are carried out annually.4 …

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/324/7345/1047.full.pdf

Treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia: Choice depends on patient's weighting of severity and bother, with risks and benefits of various options

Can randomized treatment trials in early stage prostate cancer be completed

No gold-standard diagnostic test is available for chronic abacterial prostatitis, and the methodologic quality of available studies of diagnostic tests is low. The few existing treatment trials wer...

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis

#### Summary points 

Management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is mainly directed at improving bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. The vast majority of men with these symptoms initially present to primary care seeking information about the risks and benefits of available treatments. Few men require urgent referral to a specialist for additional diagnostic testing or management. This article provides evidence to guide primary care doctors in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms, with emphasis on BPH. A previous article discussed diagnosis.1

Treatment goals are to improve bothersome symptoms, prevent symptom progression, and reduce longer term complications (including acute urinary retention, incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, renal insufficiency, and the need for surgery).2 3 Options include observation (watchful waiting); lifestyle management; modification of existing medications and/or management of …

/pdf/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-part-2-management-1bno7jt2vb.pdf

Timothy J Wilt

Papers

Effect of written and computerized decision support aids for the U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research depression guidelines on the evaluation of hypothetical clinical scenarios.

Treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia: Choice depends on patient's weighting of severity and bother, with risks and benefits of various options

Can randomized treatment trials in early stage prostate cancer be completed

Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis

Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Part 2—Management