Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

The 2008 crash has left all the established economic doctrines - equilibrium models, real business cycles, disequilibria models - in disarray. Part of the problem is due to Smith’s "veil of ignorance": individuals unknowingly pursue society’s interest and, as a result, have no clue as to the macroeconomic effects of their actions: witness the Keynes and Leontief multipliers, the concept of value added, fiat money, Engel’s law and technical progress, to name but a few of the macrofoundations of microeconomics. A good viewpoint to take bearings anew lies in comparing the post-Great Depression institutions with those emerging from Thatcher and Reagan’s economic policies: deregulation, exogenous vs. endoge- nous money, shadow banking vs. Volcker’s Rule. Very simply, the banks, whose lending determined deposits after Roosevelt, and were a public service became private enterprises whose deposits determine lending. These underlay the great moderation preceding 2006, and the subsequent crash.

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

/pdf/the-theory-of-industrial-organization-19bejph0ej.pdf

The Theory of Industrial Organization

Anarchy, state, and utopia

This paper presents the results from a contingent valuation (CV) that elicited willingness to pay (WTP) of OECD citizens, for the conservation of the Giant Panda. The study investigates the extent to which such a charismatic or flagship species can be used to promote wider biodiversity conservation. There exists an internally consistent WTP for the purchase of property rights of the habitat required for the conservation of the panda. This WTP is shown to consist largely of the value placed on the ‘‘naturalness’’ of the species, implying that the symbolic nature of the panda might be a potential in

/pdf/the-willingness-to-pay-for-property-rights-for-the-giant-1fec0u6803.pdf

The Willingness to Pay for Property Rights for the Giant Panda: Can a Charismatic Species Be an Instrument for Nature Conservation?

Several environmental problems linked to extinction (resource mining, biodiversity depletion, and overexploitation) derive from the same fundamental source: the conversion between assets within the development process. The state selecting its optimal portfolio of assets will consider the relative value and growth rates of assets. High-value/high-growth resources will be selected; resources with either low values or low growth rates will be channeled down one of the above routes toward extinction. Extinction policies must be based upon the more fundamental explanations of the problem, rather than the proximate causes. This implies the creation of alternative paths to development. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.

The economics of extinction revisited and revised: a generalised framework for the analysis of the problems of endangered species and biodiversity losses

List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgements 1. Elephants in Decline Introduction The Decline of the African Elephant The Role of the Ivory Trade The Economics of the Decline in Elephant Populations Further Issues in the Decline of Elephant Populations Economic Incentives for Conservation Current Situation Appendix 1.1: A bioeconomic Model of Elephant Decline 2. African Exports: Quantity and Value Introduction Background to Africa's Ivory Trade Estimating African Ivory Exports: 1950-88 The Value of African Ivory Exports: 1979-88 Intra-Africa Trade and the African Carving Industry Appendix 2.1: An approach to Estimating African Ivory Exports, 1950-88 Appendix 2.2: Estimating the Value of African Ivory Exports, 1979-88 3. The Ivory Trade Flow: Worked and Unworked Intermediate and Final Demand Difficulties in Tracing Ivory Trade Flows Trade Flows and Final Demand: Hong Kong and Japan Trade Flows and Final Demand: Europe Trade Flows and Final Demand: USA Trade Flows and Final Demand: China Trade Flows and Final Trade Flows and Final Conclusion Appendix 3.1: Worked 4. Demand Analysis: J Introduction Japan analysis Hong Kong analysis Conclusion Appendix 4.1: The Raw Appendix 4.2: The Raw Demand: India Demand: other Countries Ivory Trade Database Japan and Hong Kong Ivory Demand Model: Japan Ivory Demand Model: Hong Kong 5. Policies for the Regulation of the Ivory Trade Introduction Regulation in the Range States Previous Attempts at International Regulation International Regulation and the African Elephant Alternative Mechanisms for International Regulation Conclusion 6. Looking to the Future: Policy Options to Save the Elephant Current Cites Regulation: The Appendix I Listing The Impact of an Ivory Trade Ban A Proposal for the International Regulation of the Trade Domestic Reform: the Importance of Local Ownership Conclusion: The Future of the African Elephant Index

Elephants, Economics and Ivory

The link between institutional and market failures, rural poverty and environmental degradation suggests a ‘win-win’ policy intervention: relax local ‘constraints’ and achieve poverty alleviation and environmental goals. We evaluate the ability of the Sloping Lands Conversion Programme (SLCP) in China, a reforestation payments programme, to relax constraints on off-farm labour markets and achieve these dual objectives. Our model of the agricultural household allows for heterogeneous exposure to constraints and impacts. The model predicts that the impact of the SLCP on off-farm labour supply will be larger for constrained households if constraints are relaxed. To test the predictions we combine a switching regression with difference in differences. Applied to panel data, this technique allows identification of the heterogeneous impact of the SLCP on constrained and unconstrained households. Our results identify some support for the ‘win-win’ hypothesis in the case of the SLCP, and how the targeting of the programme can be improved.

Relaxing rural constraints: a ‘win-win’ policy for poverty and environment in China?

http://repec.graduateinstitute.ch/pdfs/ciesrp/CIES_RP_29.pdf

Timothy Swanson

Papers

The Willingness to Pay for Property Rights for the Giant Panda: Can a Charismatic Species Be an Instrument for Nature Conservation?

The economics of extinction revisited and revised: a generalised framework for the analysis of the problems of endangered species and biodiversity losses

Elephants, Economics and Ivory

Relaxing rural constraints: a ‘win-win’ policy for poverty and environment in China?

The Expansion of Modern Agriculture and Global Biodiversity Decline: An Integrated Assessment