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American Society for Testing and Materials

and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.

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Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants' Extracts

Textile industries are responsible for one of the major environmental pollution problems in the world, because they release undesirable dye effluents. Textile wastewater contains dyes mixed with various contaminants at a variety of ranges. Therefore, environmental legislation commonly obligates textile factories to treat these effluents before discharge into the receiving watercourses. The treatment efficiency of any pilot-scale study can be examined by feeding the system either with real textile effluents or with artificial wastewater having characteristics, which match typical textile factory discharges. This paper presents a critical review of the currently available literature regarding typical and real characteristics of the textile effluents, and also constituents including chemicals used for preparing simulated textile wastewater containing dye, as well as the treatments applied for treating the prepared effluents. This review collects the scattered information relating to artificial textile wastewater constituents and organises it to help researchers who are required to prepare synthetic wastewater. These ingredients are also evaluated based on the typical characteristics of textile wastewater, and special constituents to simulate these characteristics are recommended. The processes carried out during textile manufacturing and the chemicals corresponding to each process are also discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13762-018-2130-z.pdf

Textile dye wastewater characteristics and constituents of synthetic effluents : a critical review

With increasing environmental and ecological concerns due to the use of petroleum-based chemicals and products, the synthesis of fine chemicals and functional materials from natural resources is of great public value. Nanocellulose may prove to be one of the most promising green materials of modern times due to its intrinsic properties, renewability, and abundance. In this review, we present nanocellulose-based materials from sourcing, synthesis, and surface modification of nanocellulose, to materials formation and applications. Nanocellulose can be sourced from biomass, plants, or bacteria, relying on fairly simple, scalable, and efficient isolation techniques. Mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments, or a combination of these, can be used to extract nanocellulose from natural sources. The properties of nanocellulose are dependent on the source, the isolation technique, and potential subsequent surface transformations. Nanocellulose surface modification techniques are typically used to introduce e...

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Nanocellulose, a Versatile Green Platform: From Biosources to Materials and Their Applications

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/2016/ja_2016_hse_002.pdf

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication.

Reducing leaching of boron-based wood preservatives - a review of research.

https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/2012/ja_2012_xu_003.pdf

Renewable chemical feedstocks from integrated liquefaction processing of lignocellulosic materials using microwave energy.

LI, X. B., SHUPE, T. F., PETER, G. F., HSE, C. Y. & EBERHARDT, T. L. 2007. Chemical changes with maturation of the bamboo species Phyllostachys pubescens. Bamboo chemical properties were measured at three different heights from one-, threeand five-year-old plants and at three different radial positions from the three-year-old culms of Phyllostachys pubescens grown in south-eastern USA. Small but significant increases in holocellulose and α-cellulose contents were detected from the base to the top of the culm at all three ages. In contrast, no significant differences in Klason lignin and ash were detected. The increases in carbohydrate content with age correlated with increases in specific gravity. Alcohol-toluene extractive content increased from the base to the top of the stem in the three-year-old and five-year-old bamboo and showed a continuous increase with age. The epidermis had the highest extractive and ash contents and the lowest holocellulose and α-cellulose contents. The outer layer of the stem had the highest holocellulose, α-cellulose and Klason lignin contents and the lowest extractive and ash contents. The chemical content and specific gravity of bamboo stabilizes at about three years of age, which is an appropriate time for harvesting.

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Chemical changes with maturation of the bamboo species phyllostachys pubescens

In manufacturing, monitoring the mechanical properties of wood with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an attractive alternative to more conventional methods. However, no attention has been given to see if models differ between juvenile and mature wood. Additionally, it would be convenient if multiple linear regression (MLR) could perform well in the place of more complicated multivariate models. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to model the strength, stiffness and density of mature and juvenile longleaf pine to NIR spectra with MLR and principal component regression (PCR). MLR performed almost as well as PCR when predicting density, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Choosing wavelengths associated with wood chemistry and developing principal components gave better predictive models (PCR2) than when all NIR wavelengths were used (PCR1). Models developed from mature wood did not predict wood properties from juvenile wood adequately, suggesting that separate models are neede...

Multivariate modelling of density, strength and stiffness from near infrared spectra for mature, juvenile and pith wood of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris )

Todd F. Shupe

Papers

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication.

Reducing leaching of boron-based wood preservatives - a review of research.

Renewable chemical feedstocks from integrated liquefaction processing of lignocellulosic materials using microwave energy.

Chemical changes with maturation of the bamboo species phyllostachys pubescens

Multivariate modelling of density, strength and stiffness from near infrared spectra for mature, juvenile and pith wood of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris )