Advances in soft robotics, materials science, and stretchable electronics have enabled rapid progress in soft grippers. Here, a critical overview of soft robotic grippers is presented, covering different material sets, physical principles, and device architectures. Soft gripping can be categorized into three technologies, enabling grasping by: a) actuation, b) controlled stiffness, and c) controlled adhesion. A comprehensive review of each type is presented. Compared to rigid grippers, end-effectors fabricated from flexible and soft components can often grasp or manipulate a larger variety of objects. Such grippers are an example of morphological computation, where control complexity is greatly reduced by material softness and mechanical compliance. Advanced materials and soft components, in particular silicone elastomers, shape memory materials, and active polymers and gels, are increasingly investigated for the design of lighter, simpler, and more universal grippers, using the inherent functionality of the materials. Embedding stretchable distributed sensors in or on soft grippers greatly enhances the ways in which the grippers interact with objects. Challenges for soft grippers include miniaturization, robustness, speed, integration of sensing, and control. Improved materials, processing methods, and sensing play an important role in future research.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201707035

Soft Robotic Grippers.

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Guidance And Control Of Ocean Vehicles

A highly versatile soft gripper that can handle an unprecedented range of object types is developed based on a new design of dielectric elastomer actuators employing an interdigitated electrode geometry, simultaneously maximizing both electroadhesion and electrostatic actuation while incorporating self-sensing. The multifunctionality of the actuator leads to a highly integrated, lightweight, fast, soft gripper with simplified structure and control.

/pdf/versatile-soft-grippers-with-intrinsic-electroadhesion-based-10fu4b42iq.pdf

Versatile Soft Grippers with Intrinsic Electroadhesion Based on Multifunctional Polymer Actuators

Underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) play an important role in a number of shallow and deep-water missions for marine science, oil and gas extraction, exploration and salvage. In these applications, the motions of the ROV are guided either by a human pilot on a surface support vessel through an umbilical cord providing power and telemetry, or by an automatic pilot. In the case of automatic control, ROV state feedback is provided by acoustic and inertial sensors and this state information, along with a controller strategy, is used to perform several tasks such as station-keeping and auto-immersion/heading, among others. In this paper, the modelling, design and control of the Kaxan ROV is presented: i) The complete six degrees of freedom, non linear hydrodynamic model with its parameters, ii) the Kaxan hardware/software architecture, iii) numerical simulations in Matlab/Simulink platform of a model-free second order sliding mode control along with ocean currents as disturbances and thruster dynamics...

/pdf/modelling-design-and-robust-control-of-a-remotely-operated-4n4bb0stlb.pdf

Modelling, Design and Robust Control of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle:

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Stable Adaptive Systems

For decades, PID (Proportional + Integral + Derivative)-like controllers have been successfully used in academia and industry for many kinds of plants. This is thanks to its simplicity and suitable performance in linear or linearized plants, and under certain conditions, in nonlinear ones. A number of PID controller gains tuning approaches have been proposed in the literature in the last decades; most of them off-line techniques. However, in those cases wherein plants are subject to continuous parametric changes or external disturbances, online gains tuning is a desirable choice. This is the case of modular underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) where parameters (weight, buoyancy, added mass, among others) change according to the tool it is fitted with. In practice, some amount of time is dedicated to tune the PID gains of a ROV. Once the best set of gains has been achieved the ROV is ready to work. However, when the vehicle changes its tool or it is subject to ocean currents, its performance deteriorates since the fixed set of gains is no longer valid for the new conditions. Thus, an online PID gains tuning algorithm should be implemented to overcome this problem. In this paper, an auto-tune PID-like controller based on Neural Networks (NN) is proposed. The NN plays the role of automatically estimating the suitable set of PID gains that achieves stability of the system. The NN adjusts online the controller gains that attain the smaller position tracking error. Simulation results are given considering an underactuated 6 DOF (degrees of freedom) underwater ROV. Real time experiments on an underactuated mini ROV are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/9/1429/pdf

Neural Network-Based Self-Tuning PID Control for Underwater Vehicles.

Development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) has permitted the automatization of many tasks originally achieved with manned vehicles in underwater environments. Teams of AUVs designed to work within a common mission are opening the possibilities for new and more complex applications. In underwater environments, communication, localization, and navigation of AUVs are considered challenges due to the impossibility of relying on radio communications and global positioning systems. For a long time, acoustic systems have been the main approach for solving these challenges. However, they present their own shortcomings, which are more relevant for AUV teams. As a result, researchers have explored different alternatives. To summarize and analyze these alternatives, a review of the literature is presented in this paper. Finally, a summary of collaborative AUV teams and missions is also included, with the aim of analyzing their applicability, advantages, and limitations.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Localization, Navigation, and Communication for Collaborative Missions

In this paper, a high order sliding modes control (HOSMC) is used to control TAIPAN, a torpedo shaped AUV from LIRMM, France. The implementation of a second order sliding mode controller in this system is the main contribution of this work. Sliding mode control (SMC) is adequate for controlling AUVs, since it offers robustness in the presence of uncertainties parameters and environmental disturbances, however the main drawback is the chattering effects that stimulates high frequency vibration that can damage the actuators. HOSMC control preserves the properties of standard SMC and removes the chattering effects. The design of proportional derived (PD), SMC and HOSMC controller for control TAIPAN depth are described. A comparative study between the control laws is presented. The nonlinear hydrodynamic model of TAIPAN is used in the numerical simulations. Simulation results, that enlighten performance of the automatic controllers are shown.

https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00269449/document

Using a high order sliding modes for diving control a torpedo autonomous underwater vehicle

This paper proposes to introduce new control law algorithm based on high order sliding modes (HOSM) for dive control of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Taipan. A comparison with classical sliding mode (SM) is carried out as well. These control techniques are based on second order sliding modes. High order methods allow overcoming the chattering effect by removing the discontinuity of the control vector. We show that these high order controllers hold the properties of classical SM control laws and remove chattering problem. Another part of this paper is dedicated to compare SM vs. HOSM in Matlab simulations. These results underline the robustness of the HOSM at last.

Tomas Salgado-Jimenez

Papers

Modelling, Design and Robust Control of a Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle:

Neural Network-Based Self-Tuning PID Control for Underwater Vehicles.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Localization, Navigation, and Communication for Collaborative Missions

Using a high order sliding modes for diving control a torpedo autonomous underwater vehicle

A robust control algorithm for AUV: based on a High Order Sliding Mode