https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(99)01345-1.pdf

'Smart' polymers and what they could do in biotechnology and medicine.

Stabilization of multimeric enzymes: Strategies to prevent subunit dissociation

http://polysurf.mse.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/PPSBrushes2004.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Adaptive and responsive surfaces through controlled reorganization of interfacial polymer layers

The history of human civilization is accompanied by the development of novel materials, from the period of natural stone, the bronze and iron age, to the modern times of synthetic materials and promising advanced materials. Liquid crystals (LCs) are one of such kind of materials that greatly infl uence our daily life, and which are not limited to displays such as TVs and personal computers. Being an intermediate phase of matter, LCs show characteristics of both controllable mobility of an isotropic liquid and ordered regularity of a crystalline solid. Combined with their photoresponsive properties, photocontrollable LC actuators have enabled a variety of applications in various fi elds, which include fl at panel displays, photonics, photo-driven devices, and more recently nanotechnology. The LC’s unique features provide soft materials in a liquid-crystalline state with interesting properties such as 1) selfassembly, 2) fl uidity with long-range order, 3) molecular and supramolecular cooperative motion (MCM and SMCM), 4) large birefringence and anisotropy in various physical properties (optical, mechanical, electrical and magnetic), 5) alignment change induced by external fi elds at surfaces and interfaces, and 6) deformation of LC elastomers (LCEs) in response to stimuli. [ 1–4 ]

Photocontrollable liquid-crystalline actuators.

Soluble graphene covalently functionalized with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been synthesized by simple esterification reaction of carboxylic groups in graphite oxide using two different synthetic strategies. Graphene has emerged to be a promising material due to its novel electrical transport properties. However, the use of graphene is limited by the lack of an effective method for large-scale production. Several chemical methods have been explored to obtain soluble graphene including the reduction of graphite oxide (GO) in a stabilization medium and covalent modification by amidation of the carboxylic groups, nucleophilic substitution to epoxy groups, and the diazonuim salts coupling. These modified graphenes provide opportunities for researchers to employ them in designing new materials, such as polymer nanocomposites. In such materials, controlling the interfacial interaction between the filler and the polymer is crucial to control the properties. Although graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites have been developed, polymer chains have not been used to covalently modify graphene. Nevertheless, polymer-bounded carbon nanotubes (CNT) and fullerene (C60) 8 have been widely studied. PVA-functionalized CNTs have been obtained by esterification reaction and used as fillers in nanocomposites. In that sense, the presence of COOH in the edge planes of GO can be exploited to anchorage PVA by using a similar way. In this Communication, we report the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets with PVA (Scheme 1). We employed two synthetic strategies. The first one involves the direct esterification of GO, while the second one goes through its acyl chloride derivative (GOCl) (Supporting Information). The obtained products, named as GO-es-PVA and GOCl-es-PVA, are soluble in DMSO and water with the aid of heat, similar to PVA and PVACNT. In the present research a special interest has been paid to the isolation and characterization of the PVA-functionalizedGO. First, an appropriate elimination of the no reacted GO was achieved by centrifugation, which completely removes the GO and leaves the PVA-functionalized GO (see Supporting Information). A comprehensive spectroscopic analysis was carried out to ensure that the esterification reactions were successfully completed. The HNMR spectrum of the soluble GO-es-PVA andGOCles-PVA in DMSO-d6 are compared with that of neat PVA (Figure S2). The latter exhibits the polymer backbone signals at ∼3.82 ppm (methine) and ∼1.38 ppm (methylene) and the hydroxyl signals at 5-4 ppm, from which the stereoregularity of PVA is estimated as isotactic (mm):hetero (mr): syndiotactic (rr) of roughly 2:5:3. Upon the attachment to GO the PVA proton signals become a littlewider butmaintain similar chemical shifts (Figure S2). The signals are less broadened than in PVACNT suggesting that, in principle, a lower degree of functionalization was achieved in our case. It is interesting to pay special attention to the hydroxyl protons resonances which are resolvable in terms of configurational sequences (Figure 1). Several authors have concluded that the hydrogen-bonding tendency, which is dominant for hydroxyl units in a meso configuration, predominantly determines the hydroxyl proton shielding. Since hydrogen bonding leads to downfield shifts, the chemical shifts of hydroxyl sequences resonances increase when passing from iso (4.7 ppm) to hetero (4.5 ppm) and fromhetero to syndio (4.2 ppm) triad.On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that the reactivity of substituent groups along the polymer chain can be influenced by tactic sequence where the substituent atmm sequence exhibited higher reactivity than those at the rr counterpart. By a mere inspection of the evolution of the H spectrum, we can easily observe an increase in the rr signal in detriment of the mm one for both GO-es-PVA and GOCl-es-PVA which suggests that esterification reaction occur at isotactic configuration. Surprisingly, as shown in Figure 1, a new signal at 4.2 ppm upfield, very closed to the rr triads of unmodified PVA, is clearly observed in spite of the low degree of esterification. This signal can be related to hydroxyl protons next to acetate groups as have been reported for esterification of PVA. By integration of this H NMR signal we can evaluate, within the experimental uncertainties, the degree of functionalization, obtaining a modification of around 1.8%. Interestingly, this value is reasonably low due to the huge volume of graphitic laminates (GLs) and is in agreement with the decrease ofmm triad content, as consequence of being less sterically hindered internally than those at syndiotactic counterpart, specifically in the incorporation of the GLs. The FTIR spectra of GO-es-PVA and GOCl-es-PVA retained most of the bands of PVA, although some of them changed in intensity or even disappeared due to the modification, and show new bands (Figure 1). The development of the band at 1715 cm suggests the presence of new carbonyl species. This band is most often related to the CdO stretching motions of COOHgroups situated at the edges of theGO lamellae and has low intensity due to high aspect ratio of GO which makes the relative amount of edge sites very small. Similarly, in our case the band at 1715 cm can be attributed to CdO stretching of ester groups. Indeed, this band was also observed in the esterification reaction of PVA and glycerol, suggesting that esterification is also taking place in our system. This is confirmed by the marked increase in the band around 1640 cm, which appears weakly in PVA and has been assigned to adsorbedwater. However, this is a strong band centered at 1628 cm in the spectrum of the GO (Figure S1), and although may also be due to adsorbed water, it contains a significant contribution from the skeletal vibration of nonoxidized graphitic domains. In addition, some interesting changes in the relative intensities of the characteristics bands of PVA in the 1200-1000 cm region can be observed. These bands are attributed to the C-O of doubly H-bonded OH in crystalline regions (1144 cm) and C-O unbonded in amorphous zones (1096 cm). The intensity ratio of these bands (I1144/I1096) diminishes markedly for the esterified products, suggesting a large decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the modified polymer. Raman data further confirm the presence of GLs covalently bonded to PVA chains (Figure S3). The Raman spectra for *Corresponding author: Fax þ34 915 644 853; Tel þ34 915 622 900; e-mail horacio@ictp.csic.es. D ow nl oa de d by C SI C M L O R A T A M A Y O Q U IM O R G o n Se pt em be r 1, 2 00 9 | h ttp :// pu bs .a cs .o rg

Polymeric Modification of Graphene through Esterification of Graphite Oxide and Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Etude theorique et experimentale sur les melanges copolymere chlorure vinylique-acetate vinylique/PVC chlore (considere comme copolymere chlorure/vinylique-dichloro-1,2 ethylene) et copolymere chlorure vinylique-acetate vinylique/copolymere ethylene-acetate vinylique

/pdf/compatibility-in-blends-of-two-random-copolymers-having-a-30r58ymxaj.pdf

Compatibility in blends of two random copolymers having a common monomer segment

Appearance of double spherulites like concentric circles for poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ϵ-caprolactone)

Formation of lamellar structure by competition in crystallization of both components for crystalline–crystalline block copolymers

Glucoamylase, invertase, and cellulase were entrapped within poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membrane cross-linked by means of irradiation of ultraviolet light. The conditions for immobilization of glucoamylase were examined with respect to enzyme concentration in PVA, sensitizer (sodium benzoate) concentration in PVA, irradiation time, and membrane thickness. Various characteristics of immobilized glucoamylase were evaluated. Among them, the pH activity curve for the immobilized enzyme was superior to that for the native one, and thermal stability was improved by immobilization with bovine albumin. The apparent Km was larger for immobilized glucoamylase than for the native one, while Vmax was smaller for the immobilized enzyme. Also, the apparent Km appeared to be affected by the molecular size of the substrate. Further, immobilized invertase and cellulase showed good stabilities in repeating usage. 9 references.

Immobilization of Enzyme into Poly(vinyl alcohol) Membrane

Les variations d'enthalpie et les volumes en exces mesures au voisinage de la LCST sont negatifs. L'application de la theorie d'equation d'etat au styrene montre que le parametre d'enthalpie d'echange X 12 est negatif, ce qui suggere l'existence d'une interaction specifique dominance et qu'une LCST existe au moins theoriquement

Tomoo Shiomi

Papers

Compatibility in blends of two random copolymers having a common monomer segment

Appearance of double spherulites like concentric circles for poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ϵ-caprolactone)

Formation of lamellar structure by competition in crystallization of both components for crystalline–crystalline block copolymers

Immobilization of Enzyme into Poly(vinyl alcohol) Membrane

Thermodynamics of polymer blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene