Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous SystemsDiscovering the BrainThe Structure and Evolution of the SunPolity and Governance: UPSC Prelims 2020 Highly Expected QuestionsThe Structure And Evolution Of StarsThe biology of Latimeria chalumnae and evolution of coelacanthsAn Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and EvolutionSeismic and Numerical Constraints on the Formation and Evolution of Oceanic LithosphereStructure and Evolution of StarsDemocracy and Constitutionalism in IndiaThe Structure of Evolutionary TheoryEvolution of Magmatic and Diamond-Forming Systems of the Earth's Lower MantleComparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral CortexValue, Competition and ExploitationRecords of the Western Australian MuseumThe Ocean BasinsThe Origin Nature and Evolution of Protoplasmic Individuals and Their AssociationsComparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral CortexThe Structure and Evolution of StarsAn Introduction to the Evolution of Single and Binary StarsEvolution of the Vertebrate EarThe Evolution of the Primate HandBasic Structure and Evolution of VertebratesMajor Events in Early Vertebrate EvolutionEvolution and Development of FishesStellar InteriorsThe Structure and Evolution of GalaxiesThe Physics of StarsThe Evolution of the Primate HandCosmologyDetermination of Basic Structure-Property Relations for Processing and Modeling in Advanced Nuclear FuelThe Structure and Evolution of the SunPhysics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating StarsStructure and Evolution of Single StarsBuilding the Most Complex Structure on EarthDetermination of Basic Structure-property Relations for Processing and Modeling of Advanced Nuclear FuelsA Program of Ground-Based Astronomy to Complement Einstein ObservationsAn Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and EvolutionRapport Grønlands Geologiske UndersøgelseComparative Genomics and Evolution of Eukaryotic Phospholipidbiosynthesis The Origin, Nature and Evolution of Protoplasmic Individuals and their Associations explores living beings of all levels of complexity in relation to each other and to the various ambient sources that they use to survive: protoplasmic individuals and their associations, cells and their associations, animals, and man. The book considers the concepts of evolution and of living beings; the main stages in biological evolution; the organisms' individuality, nature, way of formation, phylogenetic, and ontogenetic origin; essential property of the organisms of living beings; and creature modeling. The text also discusses the phylogenesis, ontogenesis, and the nature of the soma; the spatial and temporal environment connecting biological and geological evolution; and concepts of feeding and nutrition. Three separate sections describe phylogenetic origin of the first protoplasmic individuals; the protoplasmic individual as defined by its action and experience; and evolution in protoplasmic level.The Physics of Stars, Second Edition, is a concise introduction to the properties of stellar interiors and consequently the structure and evolution of stars. Strongly emphasising the basic physics, simple and uncomplicated theoretical models are used to illustrate clearly the connections between fundamental physics and stellar properties. This text does not intend to be encyclopaedic, rather it tends to focus on the most interesting and important aspects of stellar structure, evolution and nucleosynthesis. In the Second Edition, a new chapter on Helioseismology has been added, along with a list of physical constants and extra student problems. There is also new material on the HertztsprungRussell diagram, as well as a general updating of the entire text. It includes numerous problems at the end of each chapter aimed at both testing and extending student's knowledge.With the development of nuclear physics the theory of the stellar interior entered a new phase. Many new investigations have been conducted and the results published in a variety of specialized media. This book brings these results together in a single volume and summarizes the present status of the theory of stellar evolution. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously outof-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.Phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes produce diverse molecular structures and are often present in multiple forms encoded by different genes. This work utilizes comparative genomics and phylogenetics for exploring the distribution, structure and evolution of phospholipid biosynthetic genes and pathways in 26 eukaryotic genomes. Although the basic structure of the pathways was formed early in eukaryotic evolution, the emerging picture indicates that individual enzyme families followed unique evolutionary courses. For example, choline and ethanolamine kinases and cytidylyltransferases emerged in ancestral eukaryotes, whereas, multiple forms of the corresponding phosphatidyltransferases evolved mainly in a lineage specific manner. Furthermore, several unicellular eukaryotes maintain bacterial-type enzymes and reactions for the synthesis of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. Also, base-exchange phosphatidylserine synthases are widespread and ancestral enzymes. The multiplicity of phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes has been largely generated by gene expansion in a lineage specific manner. Thus, these observations suggest that phospholipid biosynthesis has been an actively evolving system. Finally, comparative genomic analysis indicates the existence of novel phosphatidyltransferases and provides a candidate for the uncharacterized eukaryotic phosphatidylglycerol phosphate phosphatase.The objective of the funded research is to formulate and carry out a program of groundbased astronomical observations to complement X-ray data accumulated with the Einstein Observatory, and to use the results of these multiwavelength studies in addressing a number of significant astrophysical problems of current interest. The work focuses on three main topics: quasar emission mechanisms and their evolution; the structure and evolution of supernova remnants and the neutron stars which they may contain; and, the processes leading to high energy emission in the outer atmosphere (winds, coronae, etc) of main sequence stars. The physics to be addressed ranges from the generation and energetics of neutron star particle beams and their interaction with the surrounding medium to the details of supernova shock waves and their role in cosmic ray acceleration; from the basic structure of matter at supernuclear densities in neutron star interiors to the basic structure of the Universe as revealed in the evolution of quasars; and, from the study of the radiation processes in distant active galactic nuclei to the identification of the critical parameters which determine the level of coronal activity in nearby late-type stars. A detailed progress report is contained in section C below; sections D and F list the of the research reports and papers.This book equips the reader with a coherent understanding of the structure of the Sun and its evolution and provides all the knowledge required to construct a simplified model of the Sun. The early chapters cover key aspects of basic physics and describe the Sun’s size, mass, luminosity, and

Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates.

The Permian and Triassic were key time intervals in the history of life on Earth. Both periods are marked by a series of biotic crises including the most catastrophic of such events, the end-Permian mass extinction, which eventually led to a major turnover from typical Palaeozoic faunas and floras to those that are emblematic for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Here we review patterns in Permian-Triassic bony fishes, a group whose evolutionary dynamics are understudied. Based on data from primary literature, we analyse changes in their taxonomic diversity and body size (as a proxy for trophic position) and explore their response to Permian-Triassic events. Diversity and body size are investigated separately for different groups of Osteichthyes (Dipnoi, Actinistia, 'Palaeopterygii', 'Subholostei', Holostei, Teleosteomorpha), within the marine and freshwater realms and on a global scale (total diversity) as well as across palaeolatitudinal belts. Diversity is also measured for different palaeogeographical provinces. Our results suggest a general trend from low osteichthyan diversity in the Permian to higher levels in the Triassic. Diversity dynamics in the Permian are marked by a decline in freshwater taxa during the Cisuralian. An extinction event during the end-Guadalupian crisis is not evident from our data, but 'palaeopterygians' experienced a significant body size increase across the Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary and these fishes upheld their position as large, top predators from the Late Permian to the Late Triassic. Elevated turnover rates are documented at the Permian-Triassic boundary, and two distinct diversification events are noted in the wake of this biotic crisis, a first one during the Early Triassic (dipnoans, actinistians, 'palaeopterygians', 'subholosteans') and a second one during the Middle Triassic ('subholosteans', neopterygians). The origination of new, small taxa predominantly among these groups during the Middle Triassic event caused a significant reduction in osteichthyan body size. Neopterygii, the clade that encompasses the vast majority of extant fishes, underwent another diversification phase in the Late Triassic. The Triassic radiation of Osteichthyes, predominantly of Actinopterygii, which only occurred after severe extinctions among Chondrichthyes during the Middle-Late Permian, resulted in a profound change within global fish communities, from chondrichthyan-rich faunas of the Permo-Carboniferous to typical Mesozoic and Cenozoic associations dominated by actinopterygians. This turnover was not sudden but followed a stepwise pattern, with leaps during extinction events.

Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution.

Fossil vertebrate faunas of the British Rhaetian (latest Triassic)

Palaeoenvironments of the late Triassic Rhaetian Sea: Implications from oxygen and strontium isotopes of hybodont shark teeth

A new basal non-pterodactyloid pterosaur, Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov., is reported. It has been discovered in shallow marine sediments from the Upper Triassic of the lowest Kossen beds (late Norian/early Rhaetian boundary) in the central Austroalpine of Canton Grisons (Switzerland). The disarticulated specimen is comprised of an almost complete skull and a partial postcranial skeleton. A high and thin bony, sagittal cranial crest characterizes the anterodorsal region of the skull. The large mandible, with an additional keel-like expansion at the front, partly matches the enlarged sagittal cranial crest. A direct and close relationship to Austriadactylus cristatus, the only known Triassic pterosaur with a bony cranial crest so far, cannot be established. The teeth of the premaxilla are monocuspid and exhibit very strongly bowed enamel wrinkles on the lingual side whereas the enamel is smooth on the labial side. These monocuspid teeth are large and fang-like. The numerous smaller teeth of the maxilla show three, four and five cusps. These are very similar to the teeth of the Triassic pterosaur Eudimorphodon ranzii. The humerus shows a thinner construction than that seen in other Triassic pterosaurs. The femur is quite unusual with a caput femoris perpendicular to the shaft. The bones of the extremities are almost twice as long as the ones from the largest Triassic specimen E. ranzii (MCSNB 2888). The newly described pterosaur is an adult, with a wingspan of approximately 135 cm. A morphofunctional analysis suggests that R. filisurensis was a highly specialized piscivore and possibly a skim-feeder.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00015-008-1252-6.pdf

A new Triassic pterosaur from Switzerland (Central Austroalpine, Grisons), Raeticodactylus filisurensis gen. et sp. nov.

The new neopterygian genus Ticinolepis, including two new species T. longaeva and T. crassidens is described from Middle Triassic carbonate platform deposits of the Monte San Giorgio. The anatomy of this fish shows a mosaic of halecomorph and ginglymodian characters and, thus, the new taxon probably represents a basal holostean. During the latest Anisian to earliest Ladinian the two new species coexisted in the intraplatform basin represented by the uppermost Besano Formation, but only T. longaeva sp. nov. inhabited the more restricted basin represented by the Ladinian Meride Limestone (except for the Kalkschieferzone). The more widely distributed type species shows interesting patterns of intraspecific variation including ontogenetic changes and morphological variation over time. The second species presents anatomical features that strongly indicate a strictly durophagous diet. The different distribution of the species is interpreted as a result of habitat partitioning and different adaptability to palaeoenvironmental changes.

New holostean fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)

The lagerstatten in the Monte San Giorgio have provided excellent fossils representing one of the most important windows to the marine life during the Triassic Among these fossils, fishes are abundant and extraordinarily well preserved Most of these fishes represent extinct lineages and were difficult to understand and classify during the early years after discovery These difficulties usually led to a mixture of species under the same taxonomic name This is the case of fishes referred to the genus Archaeosemionotus The name bearing type of A connectens, the type species of this genus, represents a basal halecomorph, but most other fishes referred to this genus represent basal ginglymodians Therefore, we conducted this study to clarify the taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of A connectens, which is a member of the family Furidae (Halecomorphi, Ionoscopiformes) representing the second cladistically supported evidence of ionoscopiforms in the Triassic and it is thus one of the two oldest reliable records of this group Ionoscopiforms have a long stratigraphic range, though their fossil record is rather patchy In our analysis, the sister taxon of Archaeosemionotus is Robustichthys from the Anisian of China, and they together form a clade with Furo, which is known from several localities ranging from the Early to the Late Jurassic Other ionoscopiforms are so far known from the Kimmeridgian to the Albian and it is thus evident that recent efforts have concentrated on the later history of the group (Late Jurassic to Cretaceous) The phylogenetic relationships obtained for the Ionoscopiformes do not show a clear palaeobiogeographic pattern, but give important new insights into the origin, divergence date and early history of this clade

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Phylogenetic relationships of the triassic archaeosemionotus deecke (halecomorphi, ionoscopiformes) from the 'perledo fauna'.

Trois fragments de mandibule et huit dents isolees, trouves dans le Trias superieur du Canton des Grisons, sont decrits. La forme et l'ornamentation des dents isolees correspondent a Birgeria acuminata (AGASSIZ 1843). La determination des fragments de mandibule est moins sure; meme ils sont classifies comme Birgeria acuminata. L'objet le plus complet, une partie droite de mandibule, permet une reconstruction partielle de la mâchoire inferieur

Zähne und Kieferreste der Gattung Birgeria (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) aus der ostalpinen Obertrias der Bergüner Stöcke (Kanton Graubünden, Schweiz)

Recent excavations in the Middle Triassic Prosanto Formation (Ladinian, Ct. Grisons, Switzerland) have produced new material of the genus Besania Brough 1939. These specimens show many previously unrecorded details. Some features differ from those of the type species Besania micrognathus, and we therefore erect a new species, Besania schaufelbergeri sp. nov. This new material has prompted a re-evaluation of the phylogenetic interrelationships of the genus. The taxon seems to be closely related to basal Halecostomi.

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A new species of the genus Besania Brough 1939 from the Middle Triassic of Canton Grisons (Switzerland) with a discussion of the phylogenetic status of the taxon

Over 80 years the actinopterygian genus Eosemionotus was known from a single species, E. vogeli, from the German Muschelkalk (Anisian). A second species was published in 2004, E. ceresiensis, from the upper Besano Formation (lowermost Ladinian) of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. New excellently preserved specimens recovered from the Cassina and Sceltrich beds (Meride Limestone; Ladinian) in this latter area, triggered a new study. Consequently, three new species are established: E. diskosomus, E. sceltrichensis, and E. minutus, including differential diagnoses for the five species, which differ in body proportions, relative position of the fins, the morphology of several skull bones, squamation pattern, and some meristic characters (e.g., number of premaxillary teeth, and branchiostegal rays). The cladistic analysis retrieved Eosemionotus as the oldest Macrosemiidae within the order Semionotiformes (Ginglymodi). The monophyly of the genus and its sister-group relationships with the other macrosemiids are among the best supported nodes with high Bremer, jackknife and bootstrap values, and numerous synapomorphies. The pattern of phylogenetic relationships between the five species of Eosemionotus indicates that the Muschelkalk species E. vogeli originated through dispersal from the Tethys into the Germanic Basin, most probably across the Silesian-Moravian or the East Carpathian gates before the late Anisian. This very speciose genus, so far almost restricted to the Middle Triassic, has also been reported from localities in Eastern Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia, and China. Pending the taxonomic and phylogenetic study of these other material of Eosemionotus, the origin of the genus in the Western or Eastern Tethys remains enigmatic. Adriana López-Arbarello. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology and GeoBio-Center, Ludwig Maximilian University, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, D-80333 Munich, Germany. a.lopez-arbarello@lrz.uni-muenchen.de Toni Bürgin. Naturmuseum, Rorschacher Strasse 263, CH-9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland. toni.buergin@naturmuseumsg.ch http://zoobank.org/A385EC82-19BE-4EC8-B82B-DE2FA8428E83 López-Arbarello, Adriana, Bürgin, Toni, Furrer, Heinz, and Stockar, Rudolf. 2019. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Eosemionotus Stolley, 1920 (Neopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Middle Triassic of Europe. Palaeontologia Electronica 22.1.10A 1-64. https://doi.org/ 10.26879/904 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2383-systematics-of-eosemionotus Copyright: February 2019 Palaeontological Association. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ LÓPEZ-ARBARELLO ET AL.: SYSTEMATICS OF EOSEMIONOTUS Heinz Furrer. Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, CH8006, Zürich, Switzerland. heinz.furrer-paleo@bluewin.ch Rudolf Stockar. Museo cantonale di storia naturale, Dipartimento del territorio del Cantone Ticino, Viale Carlo Cattaneo 4, CH-6901 Lugano, Switzerland. rudolf.stockar@ti.ch

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Toni Bürgin

Papers

New holostean fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)

Phylogenetic relationships of the triassic archaeosemionotus deecke (halecomorphi, ionoscopiformes) from the 'perledo fauna'.

Zähne und Kieferreste der Gattung Birgeria (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) aus der ostalpinen Obertrias der Bergüner Stöcke (Kanton Graubünden, Schweiz)

A new species of the genus Besania Brough 1939 from the Middle Triassic of Canton Grisons (Switzerland) with a discussion of the phylogenetic status of the taxon

Taxonomy and phylogeny of Eosemionotus Stolley, 1920 (Neopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Middle Triassic of Europe