In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. By Prof. Louis Goodman and Prof. Alfred Gilman. Pp. xiii + 1383. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941.) 50s. net.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

国際生活機能分類(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF)にみた福祉・保健・医療の専門職協働における連携に関する貢献と課題

The Brush Foundation studies on human growth and development, begun in 1931 and terminated in 1942, have been intensively reviewed and studied by Dr Greulich and Miss Pyle in the formulation of this Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist Serial radiographs of from 2 to 20 hand-films made at successive examinations of each of 1000 boys and girls made up the radiographic material Standards were selected that were judged to be the most representative of the central tendency or anatomic mode of each chronologic age group from birth through 18 years

Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist

argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Growth at Adolescence.

The protection of an athlete’s health is an important task for the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Systematic injury and illness surveillance monitors trends over long periods of time. It identifies high-risk sports, including their most common and severe injuries and illnesses, and provides valuable knowledge to reduce the risk of occurrence. During the XXIX and XXX Summer and XXI Winter Games, comprehensive recording of injuries and illnesses through the medical staff of the participating National Olympic Committees and the sports medicine clinics at the different Olympic venues revealed that at least 7–11 % of all athletes incurred an injury or suffered at least from one illness occurrence during the Games. The incidence of injuries and illnesses varied substantially between sports. In the future, risk factor and video analyses of injury mechanisms in high-risk Olympic sports are essential to better direct injury prevention strategies. Monitoring the athlete’s health during the pre-Game period through periodic health exams as well as in the Olympic Games will be important to optimise health protection.

Injury Risk in the Olympic Games

2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement

Abstract The objective of this pilot investigation was to describe the novel use of venue ultrasound at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. Portable laptop ultrasound machines were made available to cover seven Olympic sports at seven venues. The responses by both the National Olympic Committee personnel accompanying the medical room visits and by the examining physicians were recorded. Athletes were followed up until the end of the Olympic Games and the ultrasound diagnostic accuracy was evaluated. Fourteen athletes were evaluated using venue ultrasound and the recorded injuries included seven soft tissue, five osseous, and two nonmusculoskeletal injuries. From these, eight athletes were evaluated further by other imaging modalities, which indicated that the ultrasound provided an accurate diagnosis in all cases. All National Olympics Committee personnel reported increased diagnostic confidence and felt that venue ultrasound should be considered for future sports events. Furthermore, all evaluating physicians felt ultrasound was helpful in refining the diagnosis. The average years of sports ultrasound experience was 8.4 yrs and the average years of clinical sports medicine experience was 9.3 yrs among the physicians. In conclusion, the International Olympic Committee Venue Ultrasound Pilot Program showed promise in improving venue triaging, suggesting its role at future sports events.

The International Olympic Committee Venue Ultrasound Program

https://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.jmu.edu.cn/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-36569-0_253.pdf

Torbjørn Soligard

Papers

Injury Risk in the Olympic Games

2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement

The International Olympic Committee Venue Ultrasound Program

Olympic Sports and Prevention

Behind the podium and the glory: the IOC Olympian Health Cohort.