The demand for wireless connectivity has grown exponentially over the last few decades. Fifth-generation (5G) communications, with far more features than fourth-generation communications, will soon be deployed worldwide. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence, is expected to be implemented between 2027 and 2030. Beyond 5G, some fundamental issues that need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, higher security, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to the 5G system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. This article describes emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, wireless optical technology, free-space optical network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integrated sensing and communication, integrated access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beamforming, backscatter communication, intelligent reflecting surface, proactive caching, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. Besides, expected applications with 6G communication requirements and possible technologies are presented. We also describe potential challenges and research directions for achieving this goal.

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6G Wireless Communication Systems: Applications, Requirements, Technologies, Challenges, and Research Directions

New high-data-rate multimedia services and applications are evolving continuously and exponentially increasing the demand for wireless capacity of fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. The existing radio frequency (RF) communication spectrum is insufficient to meet the demands of future high-data-rate 5G services. Optical wireless communication (OWC), which uses an ultra-wide range of unregulated spectrum, has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the RF spectrum crisis. It has attracted growing research interest worldwide in the last decade for indoor and outdoor applications. OWC offloads huge data traffic applications from RF networks. A 100 Gb/s data rate has already been demonstrated through OWC. It offers services indoors as well as outdoors, and communication distances range from several nm to more than 10 000 km. This paper provides a technology overview and a review on optical wireless technologies, such as visible light communication, light fidelity, optical camera communication, free space optical communication, and light detection and ranging. We survey the key technologies for understanding OWC and present state-of-the-art criteria in aspects, such as classification, spectrum use, architecture, and applications. The key contribution of this paper is to clarify the differences among different promising optical wireless technologies and between these technologies and their corresponding similar existing RF technologies.

A Comparative Survey of Optical Wireless Technologies: Architectures and Applications

The development of light detection and ranging, Radar, camera, and other advanced sensor technologies inaugurated a new era in autonomous driving. However, due to the intrinsic limitations of these sensors, autonomous vehicles are prone to making erroneous decisions and causing serious disasters. At this point, networking and communication technologies can greatly make up for sensor deficiencies, and are more reliable, feasible and efficient to promote the information interaction, thereby improving autonomous vehicle’s perception and planning capabilities as well as realizing better vehicle control. This paper surveys the networking and communication technologies in autonomous driving from two aspects: intra- and inter-vehicle. The intra-vehicle network as the basis of realizing autonomous driving connects the on-board electronic parts. The inter-vehicle network is the medium for interaction between vehicles and outside information. In addition, we present the new trends of communication technologies in autonomous driving, as well as investigate the current mainstream verification methods and emphasize the challenges and open issues of networking and communications in autonomous driving.

Networking and Communications in Autonomous Driving: A Survey

Fifth-generation (5G) communication, which has many more features than fourth-generation communication, will be officially launched very soon. A new paradigm of wireless communication, the sixth-generation (6G) system, with the full support of artificial intelligence is expected to be deployed between 2027 and 2030. In beyond 5G, there are some fundamental issues, which need to be addressed are higher system capacity, higher data rate, lower latency, and improved quality of service (QoS) compared to 5G system. This paper presents the vision of future 6G wireless communication and its network architecture. We discuss the emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, terahertz communications, optical wireless technology, free space optic network, blockchain, three-dimensional networking, quantum communications, unmanned aerial vehicle, cell-free communications, integration of wireless information and energy transfer, integration of sensing and communication, integration of access-backhaul networks, dynamic network slicing, holographic beamforming, and big data analytics that can assist the 6G architecture development in guaranteeing the QoS. We present the expected applications with the requirements and the possible technologies for 6G communication. We also outline the possible challenges and research directions to reach this goal.

Vehicular communications, referring to information exchange among vehicles, infrastructures, etc., have attracted a lot of attention recently due to great potential to support intelligent transportation, various safety applications, and on-road infotainment. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of a recent research on enabling efficient and reliable vehicular communications from the network layer perspective. First, we introduce general applications and unique characteristics of vehicular communication networks and the corresponding classifications. Based on different driving patterns, we categorize vehicular networks into manual driving vehicular networks and automated driving vehicular networks, and then discuss the available communication techniques, network structures, routing protocols, and handoff strategies applied in these vehicular networks. Finally, we identify the challenges confronted by the current vehicular networks and present the corresponding research opportunities.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielaam/25/8640274/8354811-aam.pdf

Vehicular Communications: A Network Layer Perspective

This paper investigates optical camera communication (OCC) technologies, targeting new spectrum, multiple-input-multiple-output diversity, transmission access, and novel architectures with augmented reality user experience for the extended 5G wireless network. It provides the current OCC research status and trend pertaining to these technologies, especially an inside view on the revision of IEEE 802.15.7-2011 known as the IEEE 802.15.7m (TG7m) Optical Wireless Communication Task Group. Such standardization activities have a major impact on the development of OCC technologies. In addition, it provides a detailed review of the related literature. Herein, OCC technologies are classified into five categories to elucidate their operations and technical characteristics. Furthermore, a concise performance analysis, numerical simulations, and some comparison of the results obtained for associated systems are presented, and the future directions of research and development are discussed.

Current Status and Performance Analysis of Optical Camera Communication Technologies for 5G Networks

This technical paper introduces an optical camera communication system for vehicles. The purpose of the communication system incorporated into car (using existing light-emitting diode (LED) lights and ordinary cameras) is to add region-of-interest signaling functionality for cars via either their headlights or taillights. A low-data-rate but reliable link via the optical channel is the objective. In particular, the communication system, contributes a spatial modulation approach called spatial-2-phase-shift keying (S2-PSK) that uses a pair of optical light sources on a car (either a pair of rear-LEDs or a pair of front-LEDs) as a transmitter. A typical camera (i.e., less than 30 frames/s), either a global shutter or a rolling shutter, can be used to receive light-modulated data. As a remarkable physical layer (PHY) operating mode among image sensor communication PHY modes recently contributed to IEEE 802.15.7r1 (TG7r1), the communication system, along with technical details on the S2-PSK communication protocol, is described in this paper. In addition, in order to deal with the noisy optical channel and the low-performance challenge of a camera receiver, we have suggested a rate-1/2 line coding and an intelligent decoding approach in our intended vehicular communication scenario. Finally, numerical analyses on the performance of our system and experiment results are addressed.

Region-of-Interest Signaling Vehicular System Using Optical Camera Communications

This tutorial article presents an outline of image sensor communication (ISC) technologies realized by light sources and cameras It discusses the revision of the IEEE 802157-2011 standard, namely, the IEEE 802157m Optical Wireless Communications Task Group, which has significantly influenced the development of the ISC technology It also reviews the ISC technical proposals of the task group and compares them with related works The essential technical considerations of the ISC specifications are presented, and the future directions of research and development are discussed

Technical Issues on IEEE 802.15.7m Image Sensor Communication Standardization

This paper introduces the asynchronous Optical Camera Communication (asynchronous OCC) using LED and rolling shutter camera as a pair of wireless communication. Aiming to enhance the capacity of unidirectional wireless link, the response of camera is measured, and then the operating frequency range, system architecture, decoding procedure and algorithm are proposed. The frame and super-frame structure are also considered especially for OCC using rolling shutter camera. The performance of implemented system is evaluated and discussed.

Trang Nguyen

Papers

Current Status and Performance Analysis of Optical Camera Communication Technologies for 5G Networks

Region-of-Interest Signaling Vehicular System Using Optical Camera Communications

Technical Issues on IEEE 802.15.7m Image Sensor Communication Standardization

High-speed asynchronous Optical Camera Communication using LED and rolling shutter camera

Functionalization of zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks for gas sensing applications.