자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

The Rise of the Creative Class

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The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class

Understanding the small business sector

This article presents an overarching review of the evidence regarding enterprise diversity. It discusses the context of ethnic minorities and women in enterprise and summarises research evidence relating to their relative access to finance, market selection and management skills. Policy within the field of diversity and enterprise is characterised by a number of tensions and unresolved questions including the presence of perceived or actual discrimination, the quantity and quality of ethnic minority and women-led businesses, potential market failure in the support provided to diverse enterprises and the substantive uniqueness of ethnic minority and women-led enterprises. Particular implications for policy and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.

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Barriers to ethnic minority and women's enterprise: existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions

What form is small business activity taking among new migrants in the UK? This question is addressed by examining the case of Somalis in the English city of Leicester.We apply a novel synthesis of the Nee and Sanders' (2001) `forms of capital' model with the `mixed embeddedness' approach (Rath, 2000) to enterprises established by newly arrived immigrant communities, combining agency and structure perspectives. Data are drawn from business-owners (and workers) themselves, rather than community representatives. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were held with 25 business owners and 25 employees/`helpers', supplemented by 3 focus group encounters with different segments of the Somali business population.The findings indicate that a reliance solely on social capital explanations is not sufficient. An adequate understanding of business dynamics requires an appreciation of how Somalis mobilize different forms of capital within a given political, social and economic context.

Forms of capital, mixed embeddedness and Somali enterprise

This article assesses recent developments in the research and practice of migrant entrepreneurship by examining the powerful contribution that the perspective of ‘mixed embeddedness’ has provided to this field. We identify key themes emerging from mixed embeddedness, particularly in relation to the role of the institutional and market contexts, and highlight areas that could strengthen the perspective, such as (1) the role of regulation, (2) the incorporation of racist exclusion and (3) gendered structures of migration and labour market processes, (4) market ghettoisation and (5) greater sensitivity to historical context. We also consider the extent to which growing interest among practitioners in supporting migrant enterprise has been influenced by developments in the academic domain.

Migrant entrepreneurship: Reflections on research and practice:

Examines minority firms in the United Kingdom with specific attention on entrepreneurial motivation, labor supply, market conditions, banking relationships, and business support agencies. Focus is on the Asian and African/Caribbean groups. The analysis shows that ethnic enterprise is not culturally predetermined. Rather, a combination of the opportunity structure and familial and community ties must be considered. With respect to the labor practices of ethnic entrepreneurs, it appears that there are many similarities across these groups. Family and community labor prove to be both a vital resource and a hindrance to the firms. Further, the role of females is not fully recognized in these firms. Many minority firms rely on the ethnic markets for initial business success, but the firms that wish to further their success must break into other markets, which proves to be difficult because of the management and social processes that are needed. Underfunding is identified as one of the largest obstacles that ethnic entrepreneurs face. The cause of this challenge is not obvious, with some holding that it is race related while other believe it to be related to the types of business that ethnic entrepreneurs own. Although there are many support services available to ethnic firms, the effectiveness of such programs must be increased. Suggestions for increasing the benefits include clarifying objectives, better defining strategy, and making networking opportunities available. This report highlights areas for future study in this area. (SRD)

Ethnic Minorities in Business

How can the phenomenon of new migrant enterprise be explained? The arrival of new migrants to the UK in significant numbers is prompting a new wave of business activity. This expression of ‘super-diversity’ poses challenges for existing modes of theorizing, or so it seems. We venture outside the cosmopolitan metropolis of London to examine the experiences of 165 new migrant business owners in the East Midlands region of the UK. Mixed embeddedness theory is used to illuminate the business activities of these new arrivals. We find that new migrants are indeed ‘diverse’ in many respects; but importantly, the onerous nature of structural constraints limit the scope of new migrant enterprise. There is more than a faint of echo of predecessor ethnic minority communities; and racism continues to cast influence on the business activities of new migrants.

Trevor Jones

Papers

Barriers to ethnic minority and women's enterprise: existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions

Forms of capital, mixed embeddedness and Somali enterprise

Migrant entrepreneurship: Reflections on research and practice:

Ethnic Minorities in Business

Mixed embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the UK