Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

20th anniversary edition of "The End of History and the Last Man", a landmark of political philosophy by Francis Fukuyama, author of "The Origins of Political Order". With the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 the threat of the Cold War which had dominated the second half of the twentieth century vanished. And with it the West looked to the future with optimism but renewed uncertainty. "The End of History and the Last Man" was the first book to offer a picture of what the new century would look like. Boldly outlining the challenges and problems to face modern liberal democracies, Frances Fukuyama examined what had just happened and then speculated what was going to come next. Tackling religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes and war, "The End of History and the Last Man" remains a compelling work to this day, provoking argument and debate among its readers. "Awesome ...a landmark ...profoundly realistic and important ...supremely timely and cogent ...the first book to fully fathom the depth and range of the changes now sweeping through the world." (George Gilder, "The Washington"). Post Francis Fukuyama was born in Chicago in 1952. His work includes "America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy" and "After the Neo Cons: Where the Right went Wrong". He now lives in Washington D.C. with his wife and children, where he also works as a part time photographer.

http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/the-end-of-history-and-the-last-man-kemenangan-kapitalisme-dn-demokrasi-liberal-oleh-francis-fukuyama-penerjemah-m-h-amrullah-10836.pdf

The end of history and the last man : kemenangan kapitalisme dn demokrasi liberal / oleh Francis Fukuyama, penerjemah M.H. Amrullah

This introduction serves to orient the reader to this special issue of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology on the topic of psychology and human rights (HR). We provide a brief overview of the history of the concept of HR, the primary theoretical and empirical contributions to date within the field of psychology, and how various psychological organizations use the term today. We then summarize how HR fits into social psychological peace research, before explaining what kind of papers we sought and how they were selected. Finally, we provide an overview of the papers and their primary contributions, and point to some limitations of the research covered in this special issue as well as directions for future research.

/pdf/psychology-and-human-rights-introduction-to-the-special-5d6eu7zqpj.pdf

Psychology and human rights: Introduction to the special issue.

Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon

Perceptions of People’s Experiences Regarding Gun Violence by Charles Ndikum MA, Chicago State University, 1996 BA, University of Minnesota, 1994 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Criminal Justice Walden University May 2018 Abstract Gun violence is a problem in many communities across the United States that are characterized by poverty, and lack of quality education, yet little is known about the experiences of victims of gun violence in these places. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand how people who have been victims of gun violence perceive problems and solutions associated with the production, distribution, and ownership of guns. Based on the theoretical framework of Rousseau’s social contract theory, this study explored gun violence from the perspectives of 10 victims whose lives were directly or indirectly affected by gun violence to understand how victims perceive the obligations of government to the governed in terms of response to gun violence. Data from individual interviews were subjected to selective and open coding followed by a thematic analysis procedure. The key findings from this study revealed that gun violence victims were able to differentiate between the intended use of firearms and its abuse. The victims associated the abuse of firearms to deteriorating social factors. In accordance with the classic premise of the social contract theory, the victims thought that the fight against gun violence needed to be led by the affected communities. The results of this study demonstrated what appeared to be a new rendition of theory, that instead of challenging local authorities, the victims opted for a leadership-based collaborative approach to eradicate the underlying social weaknesses that lead to gun violence. The conclusions drawn from this study may provide insight into appropriate measures that can aid in social uplift among affected communities, such as modifications to existing gun control laws to promote safety and efficiency and citizen collaboration toward improved regulation.Gun violence is a problem in many communities across the United States that are characterized by poverty, and lack of quality education, yet little is known about the experiences of victims of gun violence in these places. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand how people who have been victims of gun violence perceive problems and solutions associated with the production, distribution, and ownership of guns. Based on the theoretical framework of Rousseau’s social contract theory, this study explored gun violence from the perspectives of 10 victims whose lives were directly or indirectly affected by gun violence to understand how victims perceive the obligations of government to the governed in terms of response to gun violence. Data from individual interviews were subjected to selective and open coding followed by a thematic analysis procedure. The key findings from this study revealed that gun violence victims were able to differentiate between the intended use of firearms and its abuse. The victims associated the abuse of firearms to deteriorating social factors. In accordance with the classic premise of the social contract theory, the victims thought that the fight against gun violence needed to be led by the affected communities. The results of this study demonstrated what appeared to be a new rendition of theory, that instead of challenging local authorities, the victims opted for a leadership-based collaborative approach to eradicate the underlying social weaknesses that lead to gun violence. The conclusions drawn from this study may provide insight into appropriate measures that can aid in social uplift among affected communities, such as modifications to existing gun control laws to promote safety and efficiency and citizen collaboration toward improved regulation. Perceptions of People’s Experiences Regarding Gun Violence by Charles Ndikum MA, Chicago State University, 1996 BA, University of Minnesota, 1994 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Criminal Justice Walden University May 2018 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my late dad James Manwun Ndikum and mom Philomina Bukwere Ndikum for always being there for me and having faith in my Godgiven gifts. They still have confidence every one of their kids and encourage them always to strive to do their best and leave the rest to the Lord. My late dad’s wish was to have one of his kids become a doctor. I just accomplished that for him. I am thankful to have you all as my biggest supporters. Your unending affection roused me to wrap up this study. I additionally need to commit this to my lovely wife Jacqueline Ndikum for enduring me for 22 years and my 4 kids: Terence N. Mofor, Charles E. Ndikum Jr., Ashley Ndikum and Desere Ndikum. My wife and my 4 kids are my most significant accomplishment, and with whom I am so proud. I cherish all of you with all my heart with all the support and love you have given me through this educational journey. It is also dedicated to my brothers and sisters, Victorine Mujang Tasog, Marcel Chinje Ndikum, Edith Shuri Chofor, Evelyn Lum McCurdy, Evangeline Che Ndikum and my late brother Denis Nji Ndikum. The support of the Manwun Ndikum family had given me tremendous strength and endurance when I was worn out and required a push. Much thanks to all of you for your endowments of confidence in God and love of education, it has furnished me with inspiration to satisfy my dreams. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee chairs, Dr. Frances Goldman, my committee member Dr. Clarence Williamson and John Walker for their guidance and support throughout this research. I would also like to thank Dr. Francis Tormen, Dr. Mathias Fobi, Dr. Muta Che, and Dr. Christopher Atang for all their advice, support, and words of wisdom. A big thank you also goes out to all my friends. I would like to personally recognize Henry Halle, Reginald McCurdy, Vivian Che, Forban Willibrod Bemah, Martial Etame, Sammy Etame, and Jacque Paul Etame, for all your support. Thank you to my academic adviser La Toya Johnson and the Social Behavioral and Public Policy Department for all their help and encouragement. Finally, thank you to my father-in-law Hon. Siegfried David Etame Massoma, Jacque Etame, Dr. Jacque Eckebil and my mother-in-law Theodora Etame for your consolation and support. Your support was a constant source of inspiration throughout this educational journey.

/pdf/perceptions-of-people-s-experiences-regarding-gun-violence-4ol55dzsls.pdf

Perceptions of People's Experiences Regarding Gun Violence

Engaging moral agency for human rights: Outlooks from the Global South

Beginning with a discussion of ideological framing in peace and conflict studies and international relations, this chapter presents alternative frameworks for examining discourse in international ethics, compares results from its implementation in eight regions on peace-related items on the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey (PAIRTAPS), and discusses their possible normative implications. The introductory section considers historical and contemporary obstacles to peace and prescriptive and critical reactions. We sketch the contours of a practical pacifism through which social psychological peace research can give both international law and global public opinion their due. Applying agentic and grounded theory approaches influenced by Johan Galtung’s conception of positive peace and sociocognitive psychologist Albert Bandura’s theory of moral engagement, we demonstrate how surveying international attitudes toward peace is one way of making the descriptive medium the prescriptive message.

Achieving Peace: An Integration

Historically, torture was used in Greek and Roman societies, as well as the twelfth-century Europe as a means for “truth” extraction and display of power. Abolition of torture, on the other hand, was connected to the changes in the legal system, establishment of new ways of punishment, and alternative demonstration of control (Foot 2006). After the appalling disregard for human rights during World War II, new treaties and conventions were created aimed at prevention of such heinous crimes. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The Geneva Convention on the Protection of Victims of War, and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) were adopted in recognition of the need to eliminate torture and cruel methods of punishment (Barrett 2001). The Article 3 of the ECHR prohibits torture reading, “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” (Barrett 2001). Although explicitly prohibiting practice of torture, the convention, however, did not define the concept of torture, allowing for its wide interpretation (Barrett 2001). However, if torture was internationally condemned and abolished, with the special emphasis put on the improvements of human rights, the questions about its practice in the modern world remains unanswered.

Perspectives on Torture in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the United States, Canada, and Australia

Demographically, Asia is the largest continent in the world, covering around 30 % of the earth’s total land mass and 60 % of the world population. This chapter considers attitudes toward national security expressed by citizens from seven of the countries in this region: India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Countries in this region are rising as political and economic strongholds in today’s world; however, they are also receiving attention for the increasing conflicts and occurrences of terror they have experienced. The continuing unrest in South and Southeast Asia causes serious concern among Asian countries as well as the rest of the world.

Views on National Security in South and Southeast Asia

On various versions of the Personal and Institutional Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace Survey (PAIRTAPS), participants were asked to provide definitions for the following terms: war, torture, terrorism, peace, and reconciliation. Definitions of war, torture, and terrorism were analyzed for this volume; definitions of peace and reconciliation were analyzed for a second volume. In this chapter, we describe the coding manual and procedures for coding definitions of war, torture, and terrorism, as well as for the creation of variables from the coded qualitative responses.

Tristyn Campbell

Papers

Engaging moral agency for human rights: Outlooks from the Global South

Achieving Peace: An Integration

Perspectives on Torture in Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the United States, Canada, and Australia

Views on National Security in South and Southeast Asia

Coding and Variable Formation for Definitions of War, Torture, and Terrorism