http://www.rengy.org/uploadfile/file/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE/2000/The%20history%20and%20variability%20of%20the%20East%20Asian%20paleomonsoon%20climate%20.pdf

The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate

Fire activity has varied globally and continuously since the last glacial maximum (LGM) in response to long-term changes in global climate and shorter-term regional changes in climate, vegetation, and human land use. We have synthesized sedimentary charcoal records of biomass burning since the LGM and present global maps showing changes in fire activity for time slices during the past 21,000 years (as differences in charcoal accumulation values compared to pre-industrial). There is strong broad-scale coherence in fire activity after the LGM, but spatial heterogeneity in the signals increases thereafter. In North America, Europe and southern South America, charcoal records indicate less-than-present fire activity during the deglacial period, from 21,000 to ∼11,000 cal yr BP. In contrast, the tropical latitudes of South America and Africa show greater-than-present fire activity from ∼19,000 to ∼17,000 cal yr BP and most sites from Indochina and Australia show greater-than-present fire activity from 16,000 to ∼13,000 cal yr BP. Many sites indicate greater-than-present or near-present activity during the Holocene with the exception of eastern North America and eastern Asia from 8,000 to ∼3,000 cal yr BP, Indonesia and Australia from 11,000 to 4,000 cal yr BP, and southern South America from 6,000 to 3,000 cal yr BP where fire activity was less than present. Regional coherence in the patterns of change in fire activity was evident throughout the post-glacial period. These complex patterns can largely be explained in terms of large-scale climate controls modulated by local changes in vegetation and fuel load.

/pdf/changes-in-fire-regimes-since-the-last-glacial-maximum-an-3gy05bcpmy.pdf

Changes in Fire Regimes Since the Last Glacial Maximum: An Assessment Based on a Global Synthesis and Analysis of Charcoal Data

https://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/WangP05_41945.pdf

Evolution and variability of the Asian monsoon system: state of the art and outstanding issues.

Response of Western Pacific marginal seas to glacial cycles: paleoceanographic and sedimentological features

Multiple datasets show global maxima of marine biodiversity in the Indo–Malay–Philippines archipelago (IMPA). Analysis of distribution data for 2983 species reveals a pattern of richness on a finer scale and identifies a peak of marine biodiversity in the central Philippine Islands and a secondary peak between peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. This pattern is repeated in diverse habitat and higher taxa classes, most rigorously for marine shore fishes, supporting geohistorical hypotheses as the most general unifying explanations. Specific predictions based on area of overlap, area of accumulation, and area of refuge hypotheses suggest that present day eastern Indonesia, or Wallacea, should be the center of marine biodiversity. Processes suggested by these three hypotheses contribute to the diversity in this region and are also a likely explanation for the secondary center of diversity. Our study indicates, however, that there is a higher concentration of species per unit area in the Philippines than anywhere in Indonesia, including Wallacea. The Philippine center of diversity is consistent with hypotheses that this area experienced numerous vicariant and island integration events and these hypotheses warrant further testing. Special attention to marine conservation efforts in the Philippines is justified because of the identification of it as an epicenter of biodiversity and evolution.

/pdf/the-center-of-the-center-of-marine-shore-fish-biodiversity-41q52kzvau.pdf

The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands

http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/172487/1/06.pdf

Tzu-Chun Chang

Papers

Deep sea and lake records of the Southeast Asian paleomonsoons for the last 25 thousand years