Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, receiving, by a feed point of a dielectric antenna, electromagnetic waves from a dielectric core coupled to the feed point without an electrical return path, where at least a portion of the dielectric antenna comprises a conductive surface, directing, by the feed point, the electromagnetic waves to a proximal portion of the dielectric antenna, and radiating, via an aperture of the dielectric antenna, a wireless signal responsive to the electromagnetic waves being received at the aperture. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus for coupling an antenna to a device

A distributed antenna and backhaul system provide network connectivity for a small cell deployment. Rather than building new structures, and installing additional fiber and cable, embodiments described herein disclose using high-bandwidth, millimeter-wave communications and existing power line infrastructure. Above ground backhaul connections via power lines and line-of-sight millimeter-wave band signals as well as underground backhaul connections via buried electrical conduits can provide connectivity to the distributed base stations. An overhead millimeter-wave system can also be used to provide backhaul connectivity. Modules can be placed onto existing infrastructure, such as streetlights and utility poles, and the modules can contain base stations and antennas to transmit the millimeter-waves to and from other modules.

Backhaul link for distributed antenna system

A distributed antenna system is provided that frequency shifts the output of one or more microcells to a 60 GHz or higher frequency range for transmission to a set of distributed antennas. The cellular band outputs of these microcell base station devices are used to modulate a 60 GHz (or higher) carrier wave, yielding a group of subcarriers on the 60 GHz carrier wave. This group will then be transmitted in the air via analog microwave RF unit, after which it can be repeated or radiated to the surrounding area. The repeaters amplify the signal and resend it on the air again toward the next repeater. In places where a microcell is required, the 60 GHz signal is shifted in frequency back to its original frequency (e.g., the 1.9 GHz cellular band) and radiated locally to nearby mobile devices.

Remote distributed antenna system

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a device that facilitates transmitting electromagnetic waves along a surface of a wire that facilitates delivery of electric energy to devices, and sensing a condition that is adverse to the electromagnetic waves propagating along the surface of the wire. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus for sensing a condition in a transmission medium of electromagnetic waves

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a system for detecting a fault in a first wire of a power grid that affects a transmission or reception of electromagnetic waves that transport data and that propagate along a surface of the first wire, selecting a backup communication medium from one or more backup communication mediums according to one or more selection criteria, and redirecting the data to the backup communication medium to circumvent the fault. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus that provides fault tolerance in a communication network

........................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTROUDUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 History of Dielectric Resonator Antennas ................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Characteristics of the Dielectric Resonator Antennas ................................................................................. 4 2.3 Materials for dielectric resonators .............................................................................................................. 5 2.3.1 Losses and quality factor ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2 Barium‐titanates ................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3.3 Zirconium – titanates ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.4 Pseudo‐tungsten bronze‐type ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.5 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics .................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.6 Alumina .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.3.7 Titania ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.3.8 Cerium Oxide ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.9 Silicates .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3.10 Bismuth based low‐firing ceramics ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.11 Antenna applications .......................................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Types of modes ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Shapes of Dielectric Resonator Antennas .................................................................................................. 14 2.5.1 The Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator ................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.1.1 Field Distribution .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.1.2 Resonant Frequencies ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.2 The Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator ........................................................................................................... 25 2.5.3 The Rectangular Parallel Epiped Dielectric Resonator ...................................................................................... 27 2.5.4 Other Shapes for Dielectric Resonator Antennas ............................................................................................. 28 2.5.4.1 Split‐Cylinder Dielectric Resonator ......................................................................................................... 28 2.5.4.2 Cylindrical‐Ring Dielectric Resonator ..................................................................................................... 29 2.5.4.3 Cross‐Shaped Dielectric Resonator ........................................................................................................ 29 2.5.4.4 Perforated Dielectric Resonator ............................................................................................................. 29 2.5.4.5 Cone‐Shaped Dielectric Resonator ......................................................................................................... 30 2.5.4.6 Stepped‐Stair Structured Dielectric Resonator ...................................................................................... 31 2.6 Wideband Techniques ............................................................................................................................... 31 2.7 Excitation Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 32 2.8 Polarization ............................................................................................................................................... 34 2.9 Input Impedance ....................................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 40 vii 3.1 Decision of Shape ...................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Omni‐directional Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design ............................................................................ 42 3.2.1 Excitation techniques ....................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Choosing parameters ........................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2.3 Matching ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.3.1 Coaxial Cable Coupling ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.2.3.2 Microstrip Feeding ................................................................................................................................. 57 3.2.4 Outcome ........................................................................................................................................................... 60 3.3 Broadside Array Antenna Design .............................................................................................................. 61 3.3.1 Excitation Technique ........................................................................................................................................ 62 3.3.2 Choosing Parameters ........................................................................................................................................ 63 3.3.3 Matching ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.4 Outcome ........................................................................................................................................................... 65 3.4 Fabrication ................................................................................................................................................ 66 3.5 Measurement Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 68 3.5.1 Measurements of Scattering Parameters ......................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2 Measurements of Radiation Pattern ................................................................................................................ 69 3.5.3 Measurement of Efficiency ............................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 72 4.1 Scattering Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 72 4.1.1 Omni‐directional Antenna ..

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Ubaid Mahmood Khan

Papers

Dual polarized dielectric resonator antennas