In a keyboard electronic musical instrument having tone generators of frequency divider systems, every key is associated with and controls a plurality of tone keyers which respectively gate tone signals having frequencies being harmonically related with each other. The tone signal gated by one of the keyers is passed through a frequency shifter, while the tone signal gated by the rest of the keyers is not. Among the tone keyers, the above-mentioned one is a keyer for producing an attack signal, while the remainder are keyers for producing a normal lasting signal. Both signals, now being slightly out of harmonic relation, are mixed together and finally transduced into sound by a loudspeaker. The produced sound has subtly fine musical results with a sense of many different tone sources as in an individual--oscillator system instrument.

Electronic musical instrument

Codes for mass data storage systems

Runlength-limited (RLL) sequences are formally defined, and the runlength distribution and spectral properties of ideal RLL sequences are analyzed. A detailed description is furnished of the limiting properties of RLL sequences, and a comprehensive review is given of the practical aspects involved in the translation of arbitrary data into RLL sequences. Examples of code implementation are presented to illustrate the variety of possible design tools. >

Runlength-limited sequences

A puncture, pierce, and cut resistant fabric comprised of a plurality of sheets of plates arranged in a repeating pattern. A material interconnects the plates. The fabric is twistable, bendable, and flexible. It is constructed of substances that will withstand cutting, puncture, and piercing forces encountered in medical or other environments.

Supple penetration resistant fabric and method of making

When the state of the surface of a specific pattern of a sample (14) to be measured is measured by use of an electron beam tester system, a pattern for a fixed scanning area including the selected specific pattern of the surface of the sample (14) to be measured is detected before measurement; binarized image signal of a deflection current of a deflecting coil (13), position of an XY stage (15), and a scanning area when this pattern was detected is stored into a memory device (27); the irradiation of an electron beam (EB) onto the specific pattern is interrupted during the measurement of the sample (14) to be measured; the pattern forthe scanning area is again detected; the binarized image signal of the deflection current of the deflection coil (13), position of the XY stage (15), and scanning area is obtained; the result of the detection of this pattern is compared with the result of the detection of the pattern before the measurement which has been stored in the memory device (27); the direction and amount of drift of the electron beam (EB) caused during the measurement of the sample (14) to be measured are calculated; the deflecting coil (13) is controlled in a feedback manner on the basis of the result of this calculation; and the irradiating position of the electron beam (EB) at the restart of the measurement is corrected.

Apparatus and method for controlling irradiation of electron beam at fixed position in electron beam tester system

In order to find criteria for the adjustment of an optimum focus, lens correction, specimen shift and the like, measurements are performed by means of a beam wobbler and the corresponding generation of a variable F(s)=Θ|(Xi-Yi+s)|* in order to determine that s-value for which F(s) is a minimum. Using this image shift value is then used to make a correction preferably automatically.

Automatically adjustable electron microscope

In order to simplify the intricate wiring in known automatic bass chord systems and to reduce the number of separate decoders used therein for all chords of each key, an apparatus is provided which allows the use of only one decoder per chord type. When a chord is held one bit is applied to the inputs of a first 12-bit shaft register which correspond to the tones of the chord, after which all bits are shifted further by an HF clock pulse until this chord pattern has arrived at those outputs of the 12-bit shift register which, with the inputs of the decoder which corresponds to the chord being held, are assigned to a single pre-selected tonality.

Automatic bass chord system

A description is given of the eight to fourteen modulation system (EFM) designed for the Compact Disc Digital Audio System with optical read-out. EFM combines high information density and immunity to tolerances in the light path with low power at the low-frequency end of the modulation bit stream spectrum. In this modulation scheme, blocks of eight data input bits are transformed into fourteen channel bits, which follow certain minimum and maximum run-length constraints by using a code book. To prevent violation of the minimum and maximum run-length constraints a certain number of merging bits are needed to concatenate the blocks. There are cases where the merging bits are not uniquely determined by the concatenation rules. This freedom of choice thus created is used for minimizing the power of the modulated bit sequence at low frequencies. The paper presents the results of algorithms that were used to minimize this low frequency content.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5266378/5269263/05269628.pdf

Optimization of low-frequency properties of eight-to-fourteen modulation

In an electronic musical instrument with two tone generators of which the frequency of the tones produced by them is substantially constant for the first generator a priori and for the second generator not until after a final value is reached which corresponds to the frequency of the corresponding tone of the first generator, the frequency of the first generator is applied to a first input and that of the second generator to a second input of a frequency comparator circuit, whose output is connected to a control input of the second generator via control device. This ensures that the repeated readjustments of the control quantities necessary in known instruments are no longer necessary.

Circuit arrangement for electronic musical instruments

A device for electronically simulating vibrato, chorus, and pseudostereo effects and the radiation effects produced by a rotary loudspeaker with the aid of two loudspeakers or loudspeaker combinations, in which device a controllable amplifier is associated with each loudspeaker, the audio signal being applied to these amplifiers both directly and via a delay means, and both the delay and the gain of the amplifiers being varied synchronously by a subaudio-frequency generator.

Ulrich Gross

Papers

Automatically adjustable electron microscope

Automatic bass chord system

Optimization of low-frequency properties of eight-to-fourteen modulation

Circuit arrangement for electronic musical instruments

Device for electronically generating the radiation effects produced by a rotary loudspeaker