Diverse fungal endophytes are rich fungal resources for the production of an enormous quantity of natural products. In the present study, 53 fungal endophytes were isolated from the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis (FUW). Of these, 49 strains were identified and grouped into 17 different taxa, and priority was conferred to the Fusarium genus. All fungal fermented filtrates displayed antioxidant activities. The DPPH activity, total antioxidant capacities (ABTS), reduction power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total saponin content (TSC) were evaluated using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and ethanol fractions extracted from five representative fungal cultures. The last three fractions showed more potent antioxidant activity than the first fraction. Significant positive correlations were found between the compositions (TPC, TFC and TSC) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). In addition, multifarious natural antioxidant components were identified from the fungal extracts, including gallic acid, rutin, phlorizin, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone; these were determined preliminarily by TLC-bioautography, HPLC and GC-MS analysis. This study showed abundant fungal resources in FUW. Phenolics, flavonoids and saponins are crucial bioactive constituents in these abundant fungal endophytes and can be viewed as new potential antioxidant resources.

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Fungal endophyte-derived Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis: diversity, antioxidant capacities in vitro and relations to phenolic, flavonoid or saponin compounds.

Endophytic microbes are microorganisms that colonize the intracellular spaces within the plant tissues without exerting any adverse or pathological effects. Currently, the world population is facing devastating chronic diseases that affect humans. The resistance of pathogens to commercial antibiotics is increasing, thus limiting the therapeutic potential and effectiveness of antibiotics. Consequently, the need to search for novel, affordable and nontoxic natural bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi in developing new drugs with multifunction mechanisms to meet human needs is essential. Fungal endophytes produce invaluable bioactive metabolic compounds beneficial to humans with antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties, etc. Some of these bioactive compounds include pestacin, taxol, camptothecin, ergoflavin, podophyllotoxin, benzopyran, isopestacin, phloroglucinol, tetrahydroxy-1-methylxanthone, salidroside, borneol, dibenzofurane, methyl peniphenone, lipopeptide, peniphenone etc. Despite the aforementioned importance of endophytic fungal metabolites, less information is available on their exploration and pharmacological importance. Therefore, in this review, we shall elucidate the fungal bioactive metabolites from medicinal plants and their pharmacological potential.

Pharmacological Potential of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Medicinal Plants: A Review

Mangifera casturi Kosterm is an endemic plant from South Kalimantan that has been listed as extinct in the wild by IUCN. Local society traditionally uses this plant to improve their overall health. In order to reduce further exploitation, the utilization of its endophytes is proposed as an alternative source of bioactive compounds for its medicinal worth. We investigated the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi isolated from M. casturi. Bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungal isolates were extracted using ethyl acetate and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method. TLC-bioautography assay and GC-MS analysis were used to detect the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, Aspergillus minisclerotigens AKF1 and Aspergillus oryzae DK7 exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 value of 142.96µg/mL and 145.01µg/mL, respectively. Based on TLC- bioautography and GC-MS analysis, the most active compound in AKF1 and DK7 isolate was dihydropyran and 4H-Pyran- 4-one,5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl-(CAS) Kojic acid, respectively. This finding confirms the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of antioxidants and can be an alternative to the antioxidants produced by plants to support M. casturi conservation.Mangifera casturi Kosterm is an endemic plant from South Kalimantan that has been listed as extinct in the wild by IUCN. Local society traditionally uses this plant to improve their overall health. In order to reduce further exploitation, the utilization of its endophytes is proposed as an alternative source of bioactive compounds for its medicinal worth. We investigated the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi isolated from M. casturi. Bioactive compounds of 13 endophytic fungal isolates were extracted using ethyl acetate and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method. TLC-bioautography assay and GC-MS analysis were used to detect the antioxidant compounds present in the extracts. The endophytic fungi were identified morphologically and molecularly based on ITS rDNA sequence. Among 13 isolates, Aspergillus minisclerotigens AKF1 and Aspergillus oryzae DK7 exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 value of 142.96µg/mL and 145...

Antioxidant activity of bioactive compound produced by endophytic fungi isolated from endemic plant of South Kalimantan Mangifera casturi Kosterm

The genus Trichoderma is multicultural soil-borne fungi found in different ecosystems. They are highly successful colonizers of their habitats. Genus Trichoderma is capable of dealing with various environments such as compost, agricultural soils, rhizosphere, and waste material. Therefore, different strains of Trichoderma have been applied in agriculture, bioremediation, waste management, and biotechnology. Many Trichoderma species act as biological control agents and plant growth promoters. Additionally, the genus Trichoderma is a new fungal source for the production of cyclosporin A as well as various hydrolytic enzymes with industrial importance.

Biotechnology and Environmental applications of Trichoderma spp.

A review on the trends of endophytic fungi bioactivities

Plant entophytic fungi have been considered as one of the important and novel resource of natural bioactive compounds, especially in pharmaceutical application. This review mainly deals with the research progression on the production of some of the antioxidant compounds produced by entophytic fungi of various medicinal plants for the last few years. The purpose of this review is to provide integrated information related to antioxidant compounds and fungal entophytes.

Uma Anitha

Papers

Endophytic Fungi with Antioxidant Activity- A Review