Domestic resource mobilization is one of the key determinants of sustained economic growth. Pakistan's performance with regard to domestic resource mobilization has been poor despite maintaining a respectable economic growth rate. Why is the savings rate so low in Pakistan? In this paper we analyse the household savings behaviour in Pakistan, using micro level data of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for the year 1984-85. Three different non-linear savings functions attributed to Keynes, Klein, and Landau are estimated separately for the urban and the rural households, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. It is found that the average income and saving of an urban household are considerably higher than those of overall Pakistan or a rural household. However, contrary to the general belief, it is found that the propensity to save of the rural households is much higher than that of their urban counterparts. The dependency ratio and the various categories of education are found to have a negative influence on household savings. No systematic relationship is found between savings and the employment status and occupation of the household head. It is found, however, that saving increases with age but tends to decline when the age crosses a certain limit - a finding consistent with the Life Cycle Hypothesis.

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Socio-economic Characteristics and Household Savings: An Analysis of the Households9 Saving Behaviour in Pakistan

This article surveys recent attempts to measure and analyze household savings behaviour in developing economies. Studies of the relationships between savings and current income, permanent income, wealth, interest rates, the price level, household demographic characteristics, occupation, income distribution, direct taxation, and other factors are reviewed and evaluated.

Econometric studies of household saving behaviour in developing countries: A survey

National saving is composed of public and private savings. Private saving includes household savings as a major part. Household saving behavior differs among various income groups. The study explores the socio economic and demographic factors influencing household savings of various income groups. For that purpose, authors have selected Multan district as study area. They have gone for stratified random sampling technique and selected 88, 97 and 107 households from lower, middle and higher income group following per capita income method. It is concluded that education, children’s educational expenditure, family size, liabilities and value of house are reducing factors while total dependency rate and income are inducing factors for household savings of lower income groups. Savings of middle income group is positively related to total dependency rate and total income. On the other hand, it is inversely affected by children’s educational expenditures, liabilities, marital status, size of land holdings, and value of house. Higher income households are likely to save more due to age, spouse participation, total income and size of land holdings and likely to save less due to age square, children’s educational expenditures, liabilities to be paid by household head and marital status. It is also suggested that Govt. should give emphasis for the promotion of free health and educational facilities in rural regions especially.

/pdf/saving-behavior-among-different-income-groups-in-pakistan-a-4lfxujgv72.pdf

Saving Behavior among Different Income Groups in Pakistan: A Micro Study

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image o f the page can be found in the adjacent frame. I f copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.

An evaluation of research on rural financial markets in India

Determinants of household saving: Cointegrated evidence from Pakistan (1975–2011)

The main purpose of the study is to determine the savings potential of urban and rural households in India and in the process determine the possible savings and consumption functions separately for urban and rural areas.

Four different possible functions have been used for determining the savings behaviour of the households both at the aggregate level and at the per capita level. The rural households, according to the results, have an extremely low rate of saving with income elasticity of saving of less than unity. For the urban households on the other hand, the income elasticity of saving is high enough to suggest the possibilities of considerably high savings potential.

To understand the consumption behaviour of these households, the long-run and the short-run marginal propensities to consume and the marginal propensities to consume out of‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income and ‘transitory’ income have been worked out. For the urban sector none of these give encouraging enough results and the analysis has been extended to examine whether other factors like prices and household assets are of any significance. Whereas for the rural sector, Milton Friedman's theory of ‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income is somewhat substantiated, other factors like ‘transitory’ income, prices and assets appear to inthence urban consumption behaviour though no single one of them substantially enough. A negligible effect of ‘permanent’ income on urban consumption behaviour is, on the other hand, very clearly suggested by the results.

Household consumption and savings have next been projected using the above results to determine the possible levels for the next three years. The results suggest that the rate of domestic savings likely to be achieved by the end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965–66) falls short of the targets laid down.

Income, consumption and saving in urban and rural india*

National accounts information system

A Rejoinder to the Note by Prof. K. L. Gupta on“Income, Consumption and Saving in Urban and Rural India”

This paper has three parts. The first part attempts to analyse the prevailing situation in developing countries. The second part presents a feasible accounting system for such countries, by and large within the framework of the SNA. The third part goes beyond this and tries to obtain a more concise matrix (covering, in concept, those given in the accounting system) furnishing minimal sets of variables and classifications which one has, in any case, to play within the context of policy issues of developing countries. All three authors are jointly responsible for the first part. Uma Datta Roy Choudhury has drafted the second part. The third part has been drafted by the other two authors.

Economic accounts for developing countries



In typical Internet of Things (IoT) networks, data is sent from sensors to fog devices and then onto a central cloud server. One single point of failure, a slowdown in the flow of data, identification, security, connection, privacy concerns caused by a third party managing cloud servers, and the difficulty of frequently updating the firmware on millions of smart devices from both a maintenance and a security point of view are just some of the problems that can occur. The evolution of ubiquitous computing and blockchain technology has inspired researchers worldwide in recent years. Key features of blockchain technology, such as the fact that it can't be changed and a decentralised and distributed approach to data security, have made it a popular choice for developing diverse applications. With the practically significant applicability of blockchain concepts (specifically consensus methods), modern-day applications in ubiquitous computing and other related areas have significantly benefited. In addition, we have taken advantage of the widely available blockchain platforms and looked into potential new study fields. As a result, this review paper elaborates the novel alternative privacy preservation options while simultaneously focusing on the universal domain as a starting point for blockchain technology applications. We also discuss obstacles, research gaps, and solutions. This review can assist early researchers who are beginning to investigate the applicability of blockchain technology in ubiquitous computing. It is also possible to use it as a reference in order to speed up the process of finding the appropriate markers for ongoing research subjects that are of interest.


Uma Datta Roy Choudhury

Papers

Income, consumption and saving in urban and rural india*

National accounts information system

A Rejoinder to the Note by Prof. K. L. Gupta on“Income, Consumption and Saving in Urban and Rural India”

Economic accounts for developing countries

Review on Applicability and Utilization of Blockchain Technology in Ubiquitous Computing