Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proposed as promising media for the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from the most diverse origins. This critical review offers a compilation on the main results achieved by the use of ionic-liquid-based processes in the extraction and separation/purification of a large range of bioactive compounds (including small organic extractable compounds from biomass, lipids, and other hydrophobic compounds, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, and pharmaceuticals). ILs have been studied as solvents, cosolvents, cosurfactants, electrolytes, and adjuvants, as well as used in the creation of IL-supported materials for separation purposes. The IL-based processes hitherto reported, such as IL-based solid–liquid extractions, IL-based liquid–liquid extractions, IL-modified materials, and IL-based crystallization approaches, are here reviewed and compared in terms of extraction and separation performance. The key accomplishments and future challenges to the field are discusse...

Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Extraction and Separation Processes for Bioactive Compounds: Past, Present, and Future Trends

Chitin and Chitosan

https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/887979/FParadisi%20Flow%20bioreactors%20as%20complementary%20tools.pdf

Flow Bioreactors as Complementary Tools for Biocatalytic Process Intensification

Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review.

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have been recognized for their applications in extraction, separation, purification, and enrichment of (bio)molecules and cells. Recently, their unique ability to create aqueous-aqueous interfaces through phase separation and the characteristics of these interfaces have created new opportunities in biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the dynamics at aqueous-aqueous interfaces, and in developing interface-assisted design of artificial cells and cyto-mimetic materials, fabrication of cyto- and bio-compatible microparticles, cell micropatterning, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic separation of cells and biomolecules. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives to leverage the unique characteristics of ATPSs and their interfaces in broader applications.

Emerging aqueous two-phase systems: from fundamentals of interfaces to biomedical applications

Deep eutectic solvents (DES), prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) compound as hydrogen bond acceptor and lactic acid (LA), oxalic acid (OA), potassium hydroxide or urea (UA) as the electrostatic attracting donors in different amount ratios, were synthetized, applied and studied for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation. The mixtures of ChCl with OA or KOH were found to dissolve beech wood polymers more effectively compared to ChCl with LA or UA. In addition to DES screening test experiments, the influences of the process performance parameters, like measurement reaction time (2–24 h), temperature (60–100 °C) and the chip to solution mass relationship (1:100–1:10), on particle size distribution, solid residue's properties, functional cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, the concentration of sugars, polyphenolics and volatile chemical products in raw liquid extract, as well as kinetics were experimentally determined. The further spectroscopic, microscopic and chromatographic analysis of solubilisation demonstrated that ChCl with OA selectively isolated phenols, could potentially be scalable and could be utilized in lignin-first bio-refinery plant. Purified cellulose-rich material was obtained, according to attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), while polyphenols were above 15 g L−1 (gallic acid equivalent, examined by Folin–Ciocalteu method), revealing predominant dissolution. Conversely, for ChCl with KOH, aromatics were below detection limit value, while polysaccharides dropped for a factor of 10, paralleled to sawdust's fresh sample. The DES recovery by centrifugation, anti-solvent-assisted phase separation and vacuum distillation operation was also performed. While promising, NADES must be additionally developed, especially considering recycling, stability and economics.

Natural deep eutectic solvents (DES) for fractionation of waste lignocellulosic biomass and its cascade conversion to value-added bio-based chemicals.

Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase extraction within a microchannel system

Continuous photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photo-electrocatalytic degradation of a reactive textile dye for wastewater-treatment processes: Batch, microreactor and scaled-up operation

Abstract This study provides a complete evaluation of a sustainable zero-waste process for the recovery of added value biomaterials from the abundant shrimp shell biomass waste using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The process parameters for the fractionation of α-chitin, minerals and protein was followed using on-line measurements. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of isolated chitin, minerals and solvent waste streams were examined. The dominant fractionation mechanisms are explained through the analysis of the liquid and solid fractions. Four of the most promising, and commercially available, NADES consisting on mixtures of Choline Chloride-Lactic Acid (CCLA), Choline Chloride-Malonic Acid (CCMA), Choline Chloride-Urea (CCUR) and Choline Chloride-Citric Acid (CCCA), were tested. The highest chitin extraction yield obtained was < 90% using CCLA, leading to purity higher than 98%. Moreover, it is possible to recycle this particular NADES several times, while having no loss in the shrimp shell fractionation capability.

/pdf/crustacean-shell-bio-refining-to-chitin-by-natural-deep-2x8cp60cmk.pdf

Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents

\n Conventional biorefinery processes are complex, engineered and energy-intensive, where biomass fractionation, a key functional step for the production of biomass-derived chemical substances, demands industrial organic solvents and harsh, environmentally harmful reaction conditions. There is a timely, clear and unmet economic need for a systematic, robust and affordable conversion method technology to become greener, sustainable and cost-effective. In this perspective, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been envisaged as the most advanced novel polar liquids that are entirely made of natural, molecular compounds that are capable of an association via hydrogen bonding interactions. DES has quickly emerged in various application functions thanks to a formulations’ simple preparation. These molecules themselves are biobased, renewable, biodegradable and eco-friendly. The present experimental review is providing the state of the art topical overview of trends regarding the employment of DESs in investigated biorefinery-related techniques. This review covers DESs for lignocellulosic component isolation, applications as (co)catalysts and their functionality range in biocatalysis. Furthermore, a special section of the DESs recyclability is included. For DESs to unlock numerous new (reactive) possibilities in future biorefineries, the critical estimation of its complexity in the reaction, separation, or fractionation medium should be addressed more in future studies.

A review of sustainable lignocellulose biorefining applying (natural) deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for separations, catalysis and enzymatic biotransformation processes

Uroš Novak

Papers

Natural deep eutectic solvents (DES) for fractionation of waste lignocellulosic biomass and its cascade conversion to value-added bio-based chemicals.

Ionic liquid-based aqueous two-phase extraction within a microchannel system

Continuous photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photo-electrocatalytic degradation of a reactive textile dye for wastewater-treatment processes: Batch, microreactor and scaled-up operation

Crustacean shell bio-refining to chitin by natural deep eutectic solvents

A review of sustainable lignocellulose biorefining applying (natural) deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for separations, catalysis and enzymatic biotransformation processes