Digital twin (DT) is an emerging concept that is gaining attention in various industries It refers to the ability to clone a physical object (PO) into a software counterpart The softwarized object, termed logical object, reflects all the important properties and characteristics of the original object within a specific application context To fully determine the expected properties of the DT, this article surveys the state-of-the-art starting from the original definition within the manufacturing industry It takes into account related proposals emerging in other fields, namely augmented and virtual reality (eg, avatars), multiagent systems, and virtualization This survey thereby allows for the identification of an extensive set of DT features that point to the “softwarization” of POs To properly consolidate a shared DT definition, a set of foundational properties is identified and proposed as a common ground outlining the essential characteristics (must-haves) of a DT Once the DT definition has been consolidated, its technical and business value is discussed in terms of applicability and opportunities Four application scenarios illustrate how the DT concept can be used and how some industries are applying it The scenarios also lead to a generic DT architectural model This analysis is then complemented by the identification of software architecture models and guidelines in order to present a general functional framework for the DT This article, eventually, analyses a set of possible evolution paths for the DT considering its possible usage as a major enabler for the softwarization process

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Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models

The Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) is an emerging technology with significant applications. The MWSN allows the sensor nodes to move freely and they are able to communicate with each other without the need for a fixed infrastructure. These networks are capable of out-performing static wireless sensor networks as they tend to increase the network lifetime, reduce the power consumption, provide more channel capacity and perform better targeting. Usually routing process in a mobile network is very complex and it becomes even more complicated in MWSN as the sensor nodes are low power, cost effective mobile devices with minimum resources. Recent research works have led to the design of many efficient routing protocols for MWSN but still there are many unresolved problems like retaining the network connectivity, reducing the energy cost, maintaining adequate sensing coverage etc. This paper addresses the various issues in routing and presents the state of the art routing protocols in MWSN. The routing protocols are categorized based on their network structure, state of information, energy efficiency and mobility. The classification presented here summarizes the main features of many published proposals in the literature for efficient routing in MWSN and also gives an insight into the enhancements that can be done to improve the existing routing protocols.

Routing in mobile wireless sensor network: a survey

A mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically configure a network without a fixed infrastructure or central administration. This makes it ideal for emergency and rescue scenarios, where sharing information is essential and should occur as soon as possible. This article discusses which of the routing strategies for mobile MANETs: proactive, reactive or hierarchical, has a better performance in such scenarios. By selecting a real urban area for the emergency and rescue scenario, we calculated the density of nodes and the mobility model needed for the validation study of AODV, DSDV and CBRP in the routing model. The NS2 simulator has been used for our study. We also show that the hierarchical routing strategies are better suited for this type of scenarios.

Review: Behavior of Ad Hoc routing protocols, analyzed for emergency and rescue scenarios, on a real urban area

The inventors have envisioned a multihop network scenario in which nodes are equipped with advanced multi-antenna arrangements, and recognized the advantage of exploring the presence of such advanced antenna arrangements in multihop network nodes for the specific purpose of determining link cost for routing in the network. Link cost is determined for a wireless link between a pair of nodes in the network based on multi-channel characteristics between the nodes, where at least one of the nodes is configured for operation with multiple antennas to provide for multiple channels. These multi-channel characteristics may for example be determined based on explicit channel matrix estimation and/or the number of transmit and receive antennas or other information on the antenna capabilities of the involved nodes. The determined link cost information may subsequently be used together with additional routing cost information for route determination, and packet forwarding.

Method and arrangement for advanced routing metrics in multihop networks

The Internet has undergone dramatic changes in the past 2 decades and now forms a global communication platform that billions of users rely on for their daily activities. While this transformation has brought tremendous benefits to society, it has also created new threats to online privacy, such as omnipotent governmental surveillance. As a result, public interest in systems for anonymous communication has drastically increased. In this work, we survey previous research on designing, developing, and deploying systems for anonymous communication. Our taxonomy and comparative assessment provide important insights about the differences between the existing classes of anonymous communication protocols.

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A Survey on Routing in Anonymous Communication Protocols

Wireless ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any centralized administration or standard support services regularly available on conventional networks. It differs from the infrastructure-based network by not having base stations to rely on but the network achieves connectivity by using an ad hoc routing protocol. Absence of any fixed infrastructure pose number of different problems to this area. Some of the challenges that require standard solutions include routing, bandwidth constraints, hidden terminal problem and limited battery power. Routing is the process of information exchange between two hosts in networks. Routing is the first area that attainedfocus since the invention of commercialized mobile ad hoc networks In this paper, we present a comprehensive review for routing features and techniques in wireless ad hoc networks. For more than a dozen typical existing routing protocols, we compare their properties according to different criteria, and categorize them according to their routing strategies and relationships.

Classification and Comparison of Routing Techniques in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Agilla is the most common mobile agent middleware to facilitate adaptive applications in WSN. But due to lack of bandwidth and energy level in agilla, it is restricted to local tuples. This article presents eagilla, a middleware to support remote level multicasting wireless sensor networks. Eagilla organizes multicasting communication in different tuples, integrating mobile agents to the network for sensing data and to regulate the data to organize global communication. Eagilla model comes up with a hybrid multi-layered architecture to reduce the complexity and to support interoperability, heterogeneity in WSN. Eagilla provides non-functional requirements such as Qos, scalability, flexibility and reliability. The effectiveness of eagilla middleware is proved by conducting experiments in a professional environment.

Eagilla: An Enhanced Mobile Agent Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are used in many applications like environmental monitoring, infrastructure security, healthcare applications, and traffic control. The design issue of such applications must address related to challenges around WSN Characteristics on one hand and the applications on the other. Middleware is a software that provides a common platform for the heterogeneity in WSN, enabling multiple applications to work parallel on a distributed network. This paper surveys the work state of research in middleware design, development and general issues in designing a middleware for WSN. It also examines the various approaches of middleware design, the trends and challenges to be addressed when designing and developing these solutions for WSN.

A Survey on Middleware Challenges and Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are used in many applications like environmental monitoring, infrastructure security, healthcare applications, and traffic control. It has been also proven recently that using Mobile Agent (MA) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can drastically help to obtain the flexibility of application-aware deployment. Middleware is software that provides a common platform for the flexibility and heterogeneity in WSN, enabling multiple applications to work parallel on a distributed network. We firstly investigate the various approaches of middleware design and number of conventional single MA itinerary planning based schemes, the order of sensory data source nodes to be visited during the MA migration, which has a significant impact on the performance of the MA systems and its effectiveness, is proved by conducting the extensive experiments in professional environment.

A survey on mobile-agent middleware design principals and itinerary planning algorithms

Mobile agent is programmed software that move across networks or the among the sensor nodes. MA is capable to execute and deliver the code for efficient and re-usability of application. It performs...

V. C. Patil

Papers

Classification and Comparison of Routing Techniques in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Eagilla: An Enhanced Mobile Agent Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks

A Survey on Middleware Challenges and Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks

A survey on mobile-agent middleware design principals and itinerary planning algorithms

OMMIP: An optimized multiple mobile agents itinerary planning for wireless sensor networks