There is a general belief that software must be able to easily do things that humans find difficult. Since finding sources for plagiarism in a text is not an easy task, there is a wide-spread expectation that it must be simple for software to determine if a text is plagiarized or not. Software cannot determine plagiarism, but it can work as a support tool for identifying some text similarity that may constitute plagiarism. But how well do the various systems work? This paper reports on a collaborative test of 15 web-based text-matching systems that can be used when plagiarism is suspected. It was conducted by researchers from seven countries using test material in eight different languages, evaluating the effectiveness of the systems on single-source and multi-source documents. A usability examination was also performed. The sobering results show that although some systems can indeed help identify some plagiarized content, they clearly do not find all plagiarism and at times also identify non-plagiarized material as problematic.

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Testing of support tools for plagiarism detection

Abstract Protection from windblown-sand is one of the key engineering issues for construction and maintenance of human infrastructures in arid environments. In the last century, several barriers with different shapes have been proposed in order to overcome this problem, but literature lacks of a systematic performance quantitative analysis, and the key geometric parameters that promote sedimentation have not been yet recognized. A deep understanding of the aerodynamics effects of sand barrier on the flow is an unavoidable step to achieve these objectives. The present computational study aims to comparatively analyze different kinds of windblown sand mitigation solid barriers, clarify their working principles, extract from the aerodynamics analysis key geometrical features of the barriers and relate them to the sand trapping performances. Approximated metrics for performance assessment are introduced using aerodynamic parameters. The performances of an innovative solid barrier and the ones of commonly used solid barriers are compared in terms of these metrics. The effects of incoming wind velocity profiles on sand trapping performances are evaluated as well. An empirical dimensionless performance estimator is proposed and used to provide general design guidelines.

Solid barriers for windblown sand mitigation: aerodynamic behavior

Capabilities of various formal grammars are generalized, and a framework for constructive-synthesizing structures is proposed. Its tools make it possible to formalize processes and results of formation of constructions on the basis of elements with attributes. Possibilities of specialization, specification of constructive-synthesizing structures, and also interpretation based on algorithmic structures modeling an executor are considered.

Constructive-Synthesizing Structures and Their Grammatical Interpretations. i. Generalized Formal Constructive-Synthesizing Structure

The methodology and means of ontological support of the processes of constructive-synthesizing modeling of complex information technologies have been developed in the study. The requirements for the applied ontology of constructive-synthesizing modeling have been formulated along with developing and specifying the conceptualization methods, axiomatics, the output system and performers that provide effective modeling for a wide range of subject areas. The theoretical basis of constructive-synthesizing modeling has been devised as the underlying principle of applied ontologies, with examples of the formation of concept models of subject domains. In ontology, constructive-synthesizing models of subject domains have been formed and presented on the basis of a single constructive structure containing primary classes of ontology instances, active binders of operators of actions and performers. It ensures universality and opportunity to use the models for developing and setting them in subject domains of modeling. The completed formalization of the ontology design allows improving the quality of automated processes of creating intelligent information technologies for structurally complex areas of modeling. This methodology is based on the paradigm of constructivism of all components of subject domains, on the revealed properties and unified models of representing concept structures, concepts and basic relations in CSM. At the same time, it has been made possible to create and maintain models of conceptual systems of subject domains that are different from taxonomy, given the uncertainties in the choice of the structure of conceptual models, both for systems of concepts of subject areas and their distinctive features

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Development of ontological support of constructive-synthesizing modeling of information systems

Methods of refining transformations such as specialization, interpretation, concretization, and implementation of a generalized constructive-production structure are proposed. It is shown how to use these methods to construct grammatical constructive-production structures, which are analogs of well-known grammars, their modifications, and grammar-like systems. Different types of formal grammars are analyzed and synthesized.

Constructive-Synthesizing Structures and Their Grammatical Interpretations. II. Refining Transformations*

A structural approach to modelling algorithms is proposed. The concept of an algorithmic structure with operations over algorithms is introduced. Models of algorithms constructed from algorithmic structures reflect aspects of algorithm representation and execution. Examples of structural and path models of algorithms are considered.

Structural models of algorithms in problems of applied programming. I. Formal algorithmic structures

The globalization of information systems (ISs) in the process of continuous operation and modernization creates new problems and reveals specific representations of IS tasks. Such a complex industry IS, requiring appropriate ontological support, is the unified automated system for managing freight traffic of Ukrzaliznytsia (ACS FT UZ-U). To develop the infrastructure information subsystems such as rolling stock and traction staff, traffic management, finance, personnel and a number of others, it is necessary to develop interconnected ontological support. Therefore, methods and means of ontological support of constructive-synthesizing modeling (OCSM) have been developed, designed to support the processes of multistage creation, a long period of operation and the continuous development of the ACS FT UZ-U. The results obtained are distinguished by universalism, as they provide opportunities for representing the evolution of the object (IS) and the content of ontologies in the OCSM. The formation of models and methods of the OCSM has been obtained by expanding relations and mappings as well as by creating new generating structures, complementing classes of signatures with new constructive relations. At the same time, the model of a unified, universal and customizable ontological constructive structure (OCS) has been developed. The OCS takes into account the requirements for representing the processes of expanding the subject area as well as unifying knowledge. For CSM problems, methods and means of modeling the conceptualization processes of developing objects have been created and constructive calculus has been devised for the generating class of mappings along with methods for constructing higher-order ontological objects. For the ontological support of the CSM processes in the context of expanding subject areas, the inference methods in the model of the OCSM constructive structure have been improved and procedures for meaningful, structural and related deducibility have been proposed together with multilevel inference methods. Examples have been given of the implementation of the currently existing procedures for creating new applications of the automated system ACS FT UZ-U using the proposed CSM tools. The examples demonstrate the adequacy of the developed models and means of the OCSM for the implementation of procedures for the development and maintenance of complex railway ACSs

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Ontological support formation for constructive-synthesizing modeling of information systems development processes

The aim of this paper is to improve the process of program development using high-level languages. The practical application in programming training is expected, especially at early stages. The teacher gets an opportunity of visual monitoring of the program development process, which means the active participation in the formation of an effective student programming style. The extension for Visual Studio, which monitors the process of programming, is developed.

V. I. Shynkarenko

Papers

Constructive-Synthesizing Structures and Their Grammatical Interpretations. i. Generalized Formal Constructive-Synthesizing Structure

Structural models of algorithms in problems of applied programming. I. Formal algorithmic structures

Ontological support formation for constructive-synthesizing modeling of information systems development processes

Constructive-Synthesizing Structures and Their Grammatical Interpretations. II. Refining Transformations*

Visualization of program development process