In this critical review, metal oxides-based materials for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) electrodes are reviewed in detail together with a brief review of carbon materials and conducting polymers. Their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes are discussed through extensive analysis of the literature, and new trends in material development are also reviewed. Two important future research directions are indicated and summarized, based on results published in the literature: the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the major challenge posed by the low energy density of ES (476 references).

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A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

BiFeO3 is perhaps the only material that is both magnetic and a strong ferroelectric at room temperature. As a result, it has had an impact on the field of multiferroics that is comparable to that of yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) on superconductors, with hundreds of publications devoted to it in the past few years. In this Review, we try to summarize both the basic physics and unresolved aspects of BiFeO3 (which are still being discovered with several new phase transitions reported in the past few months) and device applications, which center on spintronics and memory devices that can be addressed both electrically and magnetically.

Physics and Applications of Bismuth Ferrite

Supercapacitors have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their high specific power, long cycle life, and ability to bridge the power/energy gap between conventional capacitors and batteries/fuel cells. Nanostructured electrode materials have demonstrated superior electrochemical properties in producing high-performance supercapacitors. In this review article, we describe the recent progress and advances in designing nanostructured supercapacitor electrode materials based on various dimensions ranging from zero to three. We highlight the effect of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors including specific capacitance, rate capability and cycle stability, which may serve as a guideline for the next generation of supercapacitor electrode design.

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Supercapacitor electrode materials: nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions

In recent years, tremendous research effort has been aimed at increasing the energy density of supercapacitors without sacrificing high power capability so that they reach the levels achieved in batteries and at lowering fabrication costs For this purpose, two important problems have to be solved: first, it is critical to develop ways to design high performance electrode materials for supercapacitors; second, it is necessary to achieve controllably assembled supercapacitor types (such as symmetric capacitors including double-layer and pseudo-capacitors, asymmetric capacitors, and Li-ion capacitors) The explosive growth of research in this field makes this review timely Recent progress in the research and development of high performance electrode materials and high-energy supercapacitors is summarized Several key issues for improving the energy densities of supercapacitors and some mutual relationships among various effecting parameters are reviewed, and challenges and perspectives in this exciting field are also discussed This provides fundamental insight into supercapacitors and offers an important guideline for future design of advanced next-generation supercapacitors for industrial and consumer applications

Recent Advances in Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Supercapacitors with High Energy Densities

Biocompatibility, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications L. Harivardhan Reddy,†,‡ Jose ́ L. Arias, Julien Nicolas,† and Patrick Couvreur*,† †Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Universite ́ Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculte ́ de Pharmacie, IFR 141, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Cleḿent, F-92296 Chat̂enay-Malabry, France Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Sanofi, 13 Quai Jules Guesdes, F-94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France

Magnetic nanoparticles: design and characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Supercapacitive cobalt oxide (Co3O4) thin films by spray pyrolysis

Mn doped and undoped ZnO films: A comparative structural, optical and electrical properties study

Hydrophobic and textured ZnO films deposited by chemical bath deposition: Annealing effect

Electrosynthesis of Bi2O3 thin films and their use in electrochemical supercapacitors

Nanocrystalline ZnO films were deposited onto glass substrates by spray pyrolysis of zinc nitrate solutions and used as a liquid petroleum gas (LPG) sensor. The dependence of the LPG sensing properties on the molar concentration of zinc nitrate solutions was investigated. The ZnO films were oriented along (0 0 2) with the hexagonal crystal structure. The grain size and grain density increased with an increase in molar concentration of zinc nitrate solutions. The gas sensing properties for LPG of the ZnO films for LPG with different grain sizes were measured at different temperatures. The maximum sensitivity of 43% at the operation temperature of 673 K was found for the ZnO film prepared by spraying a 0.1 M solution. The ZnO thin films exhibited good sensitivity and rapid response–recovery characteristics to LPG. Further, it has been shown the gas sensitivity of the ZnO gas sensor depends upon its grain size.

V.R. Shinde

Papers

Supercapacitive cobalt oxide (Co3O4) thin films by spray pyrolysis

Mn doped and undoped ZnO films: A comparative structural, optical and electrical properties study

Hydrophobic and textured ZnO films deposited by chemical bath deposition: Annealing effect

Electrosynthesis of Bi2O3 thin films and their use in electrochemical supercapacitors

LPG sensing properties of ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis method : Effect of molarity of precursor solution