There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

http://nanomechanics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Kumar_03.pdf

Mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals and alloys

The current understanding of the fundamentals of recrystallization is summarized. This includes understanding the as-deformed state. Several aspects of recrystallization are described: nucleation and growth, the development of misorientation during deformation, continuous, dynamic, and geometric dynamic recrystallization, particle effects, and texture. This article is authored by the leading experts in these areas. The subjects are discussed individually and recommendations for further study are listed in the final section.

/pdf/current-issues-in-recrystallization-a-review-12181rj4pn.pdf

Current issues in recrystallization: a review

This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

Part I: Fundamental Issues Introduction The Classical Approach to Texture The Modern Approach to Texture: Microtexture A Guide to the Book Descriptors of Orientation Crystal Structures and Crystal Symmetries Transformation between Coordinate Systems: The Rotation Matrix The "Ideal Orientation" (Miller or Miller-Bravais Indices) Notation The Reference Sphere, Pole Figure, and Inverse Pole Figure The Euler Angles and Euler Space The Angle/Axis of Rotation and Cylindrical Angle/Axis Space The Rodrigues Vector and Rodrigues Space Application of Diffraction to Texture Analysis Diffraction of Radiation and Bragg's Law Structure Factor Laue and Debye-Scherrer Methods Absorption and Depth of Penetration Characteristics of Radiations Used for Texture Analysis Part II: Macrotexture Analysis Macrotexture Measurements Principle of Pole Figure Measurement X-Ray Diffraction Methods Neutron Diffraction Methods Texture Measurements in Low-Symmetry and Multiphase Materials Sample Preparation Evaluation and Representation of Macrotexture Data Pole Figure and Inverse Pole Figure Determination of the Orientation Distribution Function from Pole Figure Data Representation and Display of Texture in Euler Space Examples of Typical Textures in Metals Part III: Microtexture Analysis The Kikuchi Diffraction Pattern The Kikuchi Diffraction Pattern Quantitative Evaluation of the Kikuchi Pattern Pattern Quality Scanning Electron Microscopy-Based Techniques Micro-Kossel Technique Electron Channeling Diffraction and Selected-Area Channeling Evolution of Electron Backscatter Diffraction EBSD Specimen Preparation Experimental Considerations for EBSD Calibration of an EBSD System Operation of an EBSD System and Primary Data Output Transmission Electron Microscopy-Based Techniques High-Resolution Electron Microscopy Selected Area Diffraction Kikuchi Patterns, Microdiffraction, and Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction Evaluation and Representation of Microtexture Data Representation of Orientations in a Pole Figure or Inverse Pole Figure Representation of Orientations in Euler Space Representation of Orientations in Rodrigues Space General Representation of Misorientation Data Representation of Misorientations in Three-Dimensional Spaces Normalization and Evaluation of the Misorientation Distribution Function Extraction of Quantified Data Orientation Microscopy and Orientation Mapping Historical Evolution Orientation Microscopy Orientation Mapping and Its Applications Orientation Microscopy in the TEM Crystallographic Analysis of Interfaces, Surfaces, and Connectivity Crystallographic Analysis of Grain Boundaries Crystallographic Analysis of Surfaces Orientation Connectivity and Spatial Distribution Orientation Relationships between Phases Synchrotron Radiation, Nondiffraction Techniques, and Comparisons between Methods Texture Analysis by Synchrotron Radiation Texture Analysis by Nondiffraction Techniques Appendices Glossary References General Bibliography Index

Introduction to texture analysis : macrotexture, microtexture and orientation mapping

Twinning-related grain boundary engineering

Introduction to texture analysis

The technology of microtexture Theoretical aspects of orientation determination Preparation for an EBSD investigation Data collection Data processing: Theoretical aspects and statistical distributions Data processing: Practical aspects Applications, reporting and outlook.

Valerie Randle

Papers

Introduction to texture analysis : macrotexture, microtexture and orientation mapping

Twinning-related grain boundary engineering

Introduction to texture analysis

Microtexture Determination and Its Applications

Mechanism of twinning-induced grain boundary engineering in low stacking-fault energy materials