Utilisation of industrial waste materials in concrete compensates the lack of natural resources, solving the disposal problem of waste and to find alternative technique to safeguard the nature. There are a number of industrial wastes used as fully or partial replacement of coarse aggregate or fine aggregate. This review carries out a thorough assessment about industrial waste substances, which can be adequately utilised in concrete as fine aggregate substitution. This paper reviewed some of these industrial wastes like waste foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, imperial smelting furnace slag (ISF slag), blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash, ferrochrome slag, palm oil clinker etc. Out of these materials, maximum number of experiments have been conducted using waste foundry sand and copper slag as fine aggregate replacement, but still more examinations are required for other waste materials as replacement of sand in concrete. Different physical and mechanical properties of industrial waste as well as of industrial waste concrete, in which natural sand is substituted have been reviewed and comparisons are made between them. Deflection and leaching study review are carried out additionally and compared. It can be observed that the concrete where sand is replaced by copper slag, imperial smelting furnace slag, class F fly ash exhibits improved strength and durability properties, but it’s slump increases as the rate of replacement increases in the case of copper slag and the slump decreases in the case of class F fly ash. There is a less research work reported on ferrochrome slag and palm oil clinker used as sand substitution, so it is felt that further detailed investigations are required.

Sustainable use of industrial-waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate for preparation of concrete – A review

Generally, the concrete with higher strength appears to produce brittle failure more easily. However, the use of mineral admixture can help in enhancing the ductility, energy dissipation, and seismic energy in the designed concrete. This paper presents energy absorption capacity, stiffness degradation, and ductility of the copper slag (CS) admixed reinforced concrete with fly ash (FA) beams subjected to forward cyclic load. The forward cyclic load was applied with the help of servo-hydraulic universal testing machines with 250 kN capacity. Twenty-four beams with a size of 100 mm × 150 mm × 1700 mm made with CS replaced for natural sand from 0% to 100% at an increment of 20%, and FA was replaced for cement from 0% to 30% with an increment of 10% were cast. Beams are designed for the grade of M30 concrete. Based on the preliminary investigation results, compressive strength of the concrete greatly increased when adding these two materials in the concrete. Normally, Grade of concrete can change the behaviour of the beam from a brittle manner to be more ductile manner. So, in this work, flexural behaviour of RC beams are studied with varying compressive strength of concrete. Experimental results showed that the RC beam made with 20% FA and 80% CS (FA20CS80) possesses higher ultimate load-carrying capacity than the control concrete beam. It withstands up to 18 cycles of loading with an ultimate deflection of 60 mm. The CS and FA admixed reinforced concrete composite beams have excellent ultimate load carrying capacity, stiffness, energy absorption capacity, and ductility indices compared to the control concrete beam.

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Cyclically Loaded Copper Slag Admixed Reinforced Concrete Beams with Cement Partially Replaced with Fly Ash

Copper slag (CPS) is a large amount of waste material produced during the manufacture of copper. The disposal of this waste material becomes a problem for environmental concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to explore feasible alternate disposal options. They may also be utilized in concrete manufacturing to cut down on the usage of cement and natural aggregates. A lot of researchers focus on utilizing CPS in concrete, either as a cement replacement or as a filler material. This article aims to summarize the literature already carried out on CPS in conventional concrete to identify the influence of CPS on the fresh, hardened and durability performance of cement concrete. Results indicate that CPS improved the strength and durability performance of concrete but simultaneously decreased the slump value of concrete. Furthermore, an increase in the durability performance of concrete was also observed with CPS. However, the higher dose results declined in mechanical and durability aspects owing to a scarcity of flowability. Therefore, it is suggested to use the optimum dose of CPS. However, a different researcher recommends a different optimum dose ranging from 50 to 60% by weight of fine aggregate depending on the source of CPS. The review also recommends future researcher guidelines on CPS in concrete.

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Concrete Made with Partially Substitutions of Copper Slag (CPS): A State Art of Review

Study on m-sand in self compacting concrete with addition of glass powder in m-25 grade – A review

The effect of Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) on concrete properties

The main objective of this study was to identify alternative source of good quality fine aggregates which is depleting very fast due to the fast pace of construction activities in India. Use of slag sand is a waste material of copper production and fly ash is a waste material of power plants provides great opportunity to utilize it as an alternative to normally available aggregates and cement. For this research work, M35 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 0 to 100% and fly ash replacement with cement of 0 to 30
 %
. The fine aggregate was replaced with copper slag as proportions of 0
 %
, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100% and cement was replaced with fly ash as proportions of 30% in OPC 53 grade cement. Concrete mixtures are evaluated for workability, Ultrasonic pulse velocity test and water absorption test. The obtained result was compared with those of control concrete made with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).

Durability and characteristics of copper slag as fine aggregate and fly ash as cement in concrete

The main aim of the environmental protection agencies and the government are to seek ways and means to minimize the problems of disposal and health hazards of by products. It is considered as a waste material which could have a promising future in construction industry as substitute of either cement or coarse aggregates or fine aggregates. Copper slag is one of the replacement mechanisms of material in concrete. Use of copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete cubes various strength measurements was experimentally investigated in this study. Mainly contents of that M35 conventional concrete and copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate  in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 80%, and 100% and also Portland Pozzolana Cement is noted. In this regard, laboratory study including water absorption test, bond strength, and percentage of voids, compressive strength & bulk density were conducted in ppc cement concrete which made by copper slag waste as a replacement of fine aggregate and PPC. A substitution up to 40-50% as a copper slag as a sand replacement yielded comparable strength to that of the conventional concrete. However, addition of more copper slag resulted in strength reduction due to the increase in the free water content in the mix, cured period in a curing tank for later resulting at 28 and 60 days.

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Analysis of Unconscious Properties and Strength Measurements for Concrete Containing Copper Slag-Review

Steel has become the predominate material for the construction of bridges, buildings, towers and other structures. Its great strength, uniformity light weight and many other desirable properties makes steel the material of choice for numerous structures such as steel bridges, high rise buildings, towers and other structures. The advantages in general credited to steel as a structural design material are high strength/weight ratio, ductility, predictable material properties, speed of erection structures, and quality of construction ease of repair, adaptation of prefabrication, repetitive use, expanding existing structures and fatigue strength. Steel structures should be stiff enough to limit the drift and should have enough ductility to prevent collapse. In this steel bracing provides an effective and economical solution for resisting lateral loads in a framed structure. Knee braced steel frame is that of excellent ductility and lateral stiffness. Since the knee element is properly fused, yielding occurs only to the knee element and no damage to major elements In this study, the effect  of different types of bracing in comparison  with knee braced steel frame are studied and analysed using software.

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Analysis of Frames with and Without Knee Bracing for Lateral Loads Using Steel Structures

Concrete is a construction material which is used more than any other man made material in the world, Efforts have be made in the concrete industry to use waste glass and fly ash as partial replacement of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. This project mainly emphasis on the efforts using waste glass and fly ash in concrete and comparing with conventional concrete. This paper examines the possibility of using Glass Powder and Fly Ash as a partial replacement of cement for a new concrete. Fly ash was partially replaced at various levels. Compressive strength and Tensile strength up to 56 days of age were compared with those of conventional concrete, and concrete containing glass powder.

https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRA006146.pdf

Experimental studies on concrete containing – glass powder and fly ash-review

Copper slag obtained during smelting to extract copper metal from the ore. The review of the characteristics of copper slag encourages several applications such as for manufacture of cement, in aggregates, Landfill, glass, tiles etc. Many researchers have already found it is possible to use copper slag as a concrete aggregate. The workability and strength characteristics were assessed through a series of test on different mix proportions at 10% incremental copper slag by weight replacement of sand. M35 grade concrete was used and the tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%,100% in concrete. Then the concrete where cured for 7, 28, 60 and 90 days. Then they were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. Finally the results were compared with the concrete made with the Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) and fine aggregate (sand).

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Velumani M

Papers

Durability and characteristics of copper slag as fine aggregate and fly ash as cement in concrete

Analysis of Unconscious Properties and Strength Measurements for Concrete Containing Copper Slag-Review

Analysis of Frames with and Without Knee Bracing for Lateral Loads Using Steel Structures

Experimental studies on concrete containing – glass powder and fly ash-review

Proficient Understudy of Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate in Portland Pozzolana Cement