http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

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Art of electronics

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Power Electronics Converters Applications And Design

An efficiency-optimized modulation scheme and design method are developed for an existing hardware prototype of a bidirectional dual active bridge (DAB) dc/dc converter. The DAB being considered is used for an automotive application and is made up of a high-voltage port with port voltage V1, 240 V ≤ V1 ≤ 450 V, and a low-voltage port with port voltage V2, 11 V ≤ V2 ≤ 16 V; the rated output power is 2 kW. A much increased converter efficiency is achieved with the methods detailed in this paper: The average efficiency, calculated for different voltages V1 and V2, different power levels, and both directions of power transfer, rises from 89.6% (conventional phase shift modulation) to 93.5% (proposed modulation scheme). Measured efficiency values, obtained from the DAB hardware prototype, are used to verify the theoretical results.

Efficiency-Optimized High-Current Dual Active Bridge Converter for Automotive Applications

THIS paper explores opportunities and challenges in power conversion in the VHF frequency range of 30-300 MHz. The scaling of magnetic component size with frequency is investigated, and it is shown that substantial miniaturization is possible with increased frequencies even considering material and heat transfer limitations. Likewise, dramatic frequency increases are possible with existing and emerging semiconductor devices, but necessitate circuit designs that either compensate for or utilize device parasitics. We outline the characteristics of topologies and control methods that can meet the requirements of VHF power conversion, and present supporting examples from power converters operating at frequencies of up to 110 MHz.

/pdf/opportunities-and-challenges-in-very-high-frequency-power-2j4vslax8q.pdf

Opportunities and Challenges in Very High Frequency Power Conversion

FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETIC THEORY Basic Laws of Magnetic Theory Magnetic Materials Magnetic Circuits References FAST DESIGN APPROACH INCLUDING EDDY CURRENT LOSSES Fast Design Approach Examples Conclusions Appendix 2.A.1: Core Size Scale Law for Ferrites in Non-Saturated Thermal Limited Design Appendix 2.A.2: Eddy Current Losses for Wide Frequency Appendix 2.A.3: MathCAD Example Files References SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS Magnetic Core Materials Comparison and Applications of the Core Materials in Power Electronics Losses in Soft Magnetic Materials Ferrite Core Losses with Non-Sinusoidal Voltage Waveforms Wide Frequency Model of Magnetic Sheets Including Hysteresis Effects Appendix 3.A: Power and Impedance of Magnetic Sheets References COIL WINDING AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION Filling Factor Wire Length Physical Aspects of Breakdown Insulation Requirements and Standards Thermal Requirements and Standards Magnetic Component Manufacturing Sheet References EDDY CURRENTS IN CONDUCTORS Introduction Basic Approximations Losses in Rectangular Conductors Quadrature of the Circle Method for Round Conductors Losses of a Current Carrying Round Conductor in 2-D Approach Losses of a Round Conductor in a Uniform Transverse AC Field Low Frequency 2-D Approximation Method for Round Conductors Wide Frequency Method for Calculating Eddy Current Losses in Windings Losses in Foil Windings Losses in Planar Windings Appendix 5.A.1: Eddy Current 1-D Model for Rectangular Conductors Appendix 5.A.2: Low Frequency 2-D Models for Eddy Current Losses in Round Wires Appendix 5.A.3: Field Factor For Inductors References THERMAL ASPECTS Fast Thermal Design Approach (Level 0 Thermal Design) Single Thermal Resistance Design Approach (Level 1 Thermal Design) Classic Heat Transfer Mechanisms Thermal Design Utilizing a Resistance Network Contribution to Heat Transfer Theory of Magnetic Components Transient Heat Transfer Summary Appendix 6.A: Accurate Natural Convection Modeling for Magnetic Components References PARASITIC CAPACITANCES IN MAGNETIC COMPONENTS Capacitance Between Windings: Inter Capacitance Self-Capacitance of a Winding: Intra Capacitance Capacitance Between the Windings and the Magnetic Material Practical Approaches for Decreasing the Effects of Parasitic Capacitances References INDUCTOR DESIGN Air Coils and Related Shapes Inductor Shapes Typical Ferrite Inductor Shapes Fringing in Wire-Wound Inductors with Magnetic Cores Eddy Currents in Inductor Windings Foil Wound Inductors Inductor Types Depending on Application Design Examples of Different Types of Inductors Fringing Coefficients For Gapped-Wire-Wound Inductors Analitical Modeling of Combined Litz Wire-Full Wire Inductors References TRANSFORMER DESIGN Transformer Design in Power Electronics Magnetizing Inductance Leakage Inductance Using Parallel Wires and Litz Wires Interleaved Windings Superimposing Frequency Components Superimposing Modes References OPTIMAL COPPER/CORE LOSS RATIO IN MAGNETIC COMPONENTS Simplified Approach Loss Minimization in the General Case Loss Minimization Without Eddy Current Losses Loss Minimization Including Low-Frequency Eddy Current Losses Summary Examples References MEASUREMENTS Introduction Temperature Measurements Power Losses Measurements Measurement of Inductances Core Loss Measurements Measurement of Parasitic Capacitances Combined Measuring Instruments References APPENDIX A: RMS VALUES OF WAVEFORMS Definitions RMS Values of Some Basic Waveforms RMS Values of Common Waveforms APPENDIX B: MAGNETIC CORE DATA ETD Core Data (Economic Transformer Design Core) EE Core Data Planar EE Core Data ER Core Data UU Core Data Ring Core Data (Toroid Core) P Core Data (Pot Core) PQ Core Data RM Core Data APPENDIX C: COPPER WIRES DATA Round Wire Data American Wire Gauge Data Litz Wire Data APPENDIX D: MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS References INDEX

Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics

The usual data of commercial ferrite grades are given for sinusoidal waveforms, although the voltage in the typical applications in power electronics resembles to square waves. Firstly, an accurate two wire, oscilloscope power measurement is presented. Special wide frequency current and voltage transducers were designed, with a very low phase difference up to 50 MHz. Secondly, a ferrite loss model named natural Steinmetz extension (NSE) is presented. The model is checked with measurements on two different ferrite grades, with square waves with a large variation in duty ratio. The proposed model is compared with modified Steinmetz equation (MSE). The two methods with a different mathematical formulation give comparable but different results.

Measurement and loss model of ferrites with non-sinusoidal waveforms

The purpose of this paper is to propose new analytical approximations for fringing flux calculations around the air gaps of inductor cores, including multiple gap cases and different symmetrical cases Existing 3D techniques using finite element analysis are accurate but require a prohibitive amount of simulation time and special software We propose an improved analytical approximation for fringing permeance calculation for the most usual field patterns The approach is extended form 2D to 3D giving analytical solutions for corner effects, thus providing a better accuracy of the approximation The derived fringing coefficients are used to present all symmetrical cases and cases with multiple air gaps The accuracy of the proposed equations is sufficient for a normal engineering design The advantages of analytical approximations are the possibility of generating diagrams, of solving the reverse problems and optimizing more complex problems

Improved approximation for fringing permeances in gapped inductors

Nanocrystalline magnetic materials versus ferrites in power electronics

Ferrite material properties may vary depending on the grade and manufacturer: there are differences between batches and also the production process may change in time. On the other hand, in power applications, the usual voltage wave forms are closer to square wave than to sine wave, and moreover they contain a dc bias component that can easily more than double the ferrite losses. Therefore, in loss critical applications it is good to be able to both test and model the losses of the actual ferrite cores under the same conditions as in the actual power application. In this paper, experiments were carried out at different induction levels and dc bias currents. Losses were measured at frequencies of 20, 100, and 500 kHz on a ferrite core with Ferroxcube 3F3 material, a Mn–Zn ferrite. We observe that mainly the lower frequencies are sensitive to dc bias. A model including wide ranges in amplitude, frequency, and also dc bias is proposed. In this model, the losses are separated in three terms: a hysteresis dependent term, an additional loss term depending on dc bias, and a high frequency term.

Vencislav Cekov Valchev

Papers

Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics

Measurement and loss model of ferrites with non-sinusoidal waveforms

Improved approximation for fringing permeances in gapped inductors

Nanocrystalline magnetic materials versus ferrites in power electronics

Ferrite losses of cores with square wave voltage and dc bias