자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Nursing Research—Principles and Methods

In this article, the authors present an empirical example of triangulation in qualitative health research. The Canadian Heart Health Dissemination Project (CHHDP) involves a national examination of capacity building and dissemination undertaken within a series of provincial dissemination projects. The Project's focus is on the context, processes, and impacts of health promotion capacity building and dissemination. The authors collected qualitative data within a parallel-case study design using key informant interviews as well as document analysis. Given the range of qualitative data sets used, it is essential to triangulate the data to address completeness, convergence, and dissonance of key themes. Although one finds no shortage of admonitions in the literature that it must be done, there is little guidance with respect to operationalizing a triangulation process. Consequently, the authors are feeling their way through the process, using this opportunity to develop, implement, and reflect on a triangulation protocol.

Developing and Implementing a Triangulation Protocol for Qualitative Health Research

This article refers to a study in Tanzania on fringe benefits or welfare via the work contract1 where we will work both quantitatively and qualitatively. My focus is on the vital issue of combining methods or methodologies. There has been mixed views on the uses of triangulation in researches. Some authors argue that triangulation is just for increasing the wider and deep understanding of the study phenomenon, while others have argued that triangulation is actually used to increase the study accuracy, in this case triangulation is one of the validity measures. Triangulation is defined as the use of multiple methods mainly qualitative and quantitative methods in studying the same phenomenon for the purpose of increasing study credibility. This implies that triangulation is the combination of two or more methodological approaches, theoretical perspectives, data sources, investigators and analysis methods to study the same phenomenon.However, using both qualitative and quantitative paradigms in the same study has resulted into debate from some researchers arguing that the two paradigms differ epistemologically and ontologically. Nevertheless, both paradigms are designed towards understanding about a particular subject area of interest and both of them have strengths and weaknesses. Thus, when combined there is a great possibility of neutralizing the flaws of one method and strengthening the benefits of the other for the better research results. Thus, to reap the benefits of two paradigms and minimizing the drawbacks of each, the combination of the two approaches have been advocated in this article. The quality of our studies on welfare to combat poverty is crucial, and especially when we want our conclusions to matter in practice.

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The use of Triangulation in Social Sciences Research

Abstract Student satisfaction is important in the evaluation of distance education courses as it is related to the quality of online programs and student performance. Interaction is a critical indicator of student satisfaction; however, its impact has not been tested in the context of other critical student- and class-level predictors. In this study, we tested a regression model for student satisfaction involving student characteristics (three types of interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning) and class-level predictors (course category and academic program). Data were collected in a sample of 221 graduate and undergraduate students responding to an online survey. The regression model was tested using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Learner–instructor interaction and learner–content interaction were significant predictors of student satisfaction but learner–learner interaction was not. Learner–content interaction was the strongest predictor. Academic program category moderated the effect of learner–content interaction on student satisfaction. The effect of learner–content interaction on student satisfaction was stronger in Instructional Technology and Learning Sciences than in psychology, physical education or family, consumer, and human development. In sum, the results suggest that improvements in learner–content interaction yield most promise in enhancing student satisfaction and that learner–learner interaction may be negligible in online course settings.

Interaction, Internet Self-Efficacy, and Self-Regulated Learning as Predictors of Student Satisfaction in Distance Education Courses.

Purpose: To explore various types of triangulation strategies and to indicate when different types of triangulation should be used in research.

Methods: Reviews included literature on triangulation and multimethod strategies published since 1960 and research books specifically focusing on triangulation.

Findings: Triangulation is the combination of at least two or more theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, data sources, investigators, or data analysis methods. The intent of using triangulation is to decrease, negate, or counterbalance the deficiency of a single strategy, thereby increasing the ability to interpret the findings.

Conclusions: The use of triangulation strategies does not strengthen a flawed study. Researchers should use triangulation if it can contribute to understanding the phenomenon; however, they must be able to articulate why the strategy is being used and how it might enhance the study.

https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/165208/the-point-of-triangulation.pdf

The point of triangulation.

i ABSTRACT The impetus for this study was the need to gain a better understanding of what interaction activities in the virtual classroom affect student outcomes. The purpose was to determine which perceptions of interactions contributed to predicting student outcomes of satisfaction and future enrollment in Web-based courses – while controlling for student characteristics. The problem is that the interaction that occurs in the Web-based classroom is markedly different than what occurs in the traditional classroom setting. conceptual framework, influences of student characteristics [inputs] and virtual classroom interactions [environment] on student outcomes were examined. Student input predictors were perceptions of computer skills; knowledge of electronic communications; number of Web-based courses taken; distance living from campus; and age. Environmental predictors included interactions with the instructor, students, technology, and perceptions of presence. Hierarchical, multiple regression analyses were performed to answer two research questions: 1. Do students' self-reported ratings of interaction help predict their satisfaction in a Web-based course, while controlling for student characteristics? ii 2. Do students' self-reported ratings of interaction help explain their willingness to take another Web-based course, while controlling for student characteristics? The most significant predictor of both student outcomes was students' perceptions regarding their interaction with their instructors. Second, satisfaction and enrollment were affected by students' perception of the technology as contributing to wasted time. Third, students who did not miss the face-to-face interactions as much tended to be more satisfied and were willing to take other online courses. Finally, information on distance living from campus helped in predicting satisfaction and likelihood of enrolling in other similar courses. These four variables contributed 72% of the variance in predicting satisfaction and 60% in likelihood of enrolling in future online courses. The overall regression findings supported the need to examine student characteristics and the educational environment when assessing student outcomes. Findings provided support for the idea that the interaction activities that occur in a Web-based environment – not student characteristics – have a greater impact on students' satisfaction and likelihood of enrolling in other online courses. iii DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my best friend, Timothy J. Thurmond. I have been fortunate to have shared this journey with such a wonderful and caring man. Thank you for cooking the meals and keeping the home fires burning and allowing me to focus on my educational endeavors. Tim – your love, support, and guidance has made this journey one that I …

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Examination of Interaction Variables as Predictors of Students' Satisfaction and Willingness to Enroll in Future Web-Based Courses While Controlling for Student Characteristics

There are significant implications to jumping on the Internet-course bandwagon, and several questions should be answered before offering or enrolling in such a course. This article provides information on how quality has been assessed with online education, reviews the theoretical framework used in conducting such research, and provides a recommendation on which theory is most promising in evaluating the quality of Internet courses.

Considering theory in assessing quality of web-based courses.

In nursing, critical thinking is particularly important because of its potential impact on patient care. With the rapid changes in health care and the influx of new technology, nurses must be able to use critical thinking to make decisions that provide optimal patient care. The rapid, dynamic changes occurring in the health care setting have dictated a stronger, more comprehensive, holistic way of arriving at decisions than the traditional nursing process. This more comprehensive, holistic approach is called critical thinking. Nurses must be able to engage in critical thinking to handle the onslaught of continuous procedural and technological changes. Critical thinking has become such a key component in learning that the National League for Nursing requires that graduates be able to demonstrate critical thinking. This article is a concept analysis of critical thinking using the Walker and Avant model.

The holism in critical thinking. A concept analysis.

(1) The rapid changes in technology and communication have had a great impact on the delivery of health care in the United States. Such changes have spurred the growth of an arena in health care known as telehealth. An important medium in telehealth care is the use of video. This paper examines the research that has been undertaken in determining patients' perceptions of the use of a video component in their health care. Ten studies examined used real-time, interactive video to deliver care, while one evaluated still images. The results of the integrative review tentatively suggest that patients are amenable to the use of video in telehealth interventions. Limitations of the studies reviewed also are discussed.

Veronica A. Thurmond

Papers

The point of triangulation.

Examination of Interaction Variables as Predictors of Students' Satisfaction and Willingness to Enroll in Future Web-Based Courses While Controlling for Student Characteristics

Considering theory in assessing quality of web-based courses.

The holism in critical thinking. A concept analysis.

An Integrative Review of Patients' Perceptions Regarding Telehealth used in their Health Care