BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

Quantitative fisheries stock assessment : , Quantitative fisheries stock assessment : , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Quantitative fisheries stock assessment

A new concept is introduced to analyse species' regional distributions and to relate the pattern of distributions to niche relations. Several sets of data indicate that average local abundance is positively correlated with regional distribution, i.e. the fraction of patchily distributed population sites occupied by the species. This observation is not consistent with the assumptions of a model of regional distribution introduced by Levins. A corrected model is now presented, in which the probability of local extinction is a decreasing function of distribution, and a stochastic version of the new model is analysed. If stochastic variation in the rates of local extinction and/or colonization is sufficiently large, species tend to fall into two distinct types, termed the "core" and the "satellite" species. The former are regionally common and locally abundant, and relatively well spaced-out in niche space, while opposite attributes characterize satellite species. This dichotomy, if it exists, provides null hypotheses to test theories about community structure, and it may help to construct better structured theories. Testing the core-satellite hypothesis and its connection to the r-K theory and to Raunkiaer's "law of frequency" are discussed.

Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite species hypothesis

When the traditional assumption that the incidence rate is proportional to the product of the numbers of infectives and susceptibles is dropped, the SIRS model can exhibit qualitatively different dynamical behaviors, including Hopf bifurcations, saddle-node bifurcations, and homoclinic loop bifurcations. These may be important epidemiologically in that they demonstrate the possibility of infection outbreak and collapse, or autonomous periodic coexistence of disease and host. The possible mechanisms leading to nonlinear incidence rates are discussed. Finally, a modified general criterion for supercritical or subcritical Hopf bifurcation of 2-dimensional systems is presented.

Influence of nonlinear incidence rates upon the behavior of SIRS epidemiological models

Whereas many land predators disappeared before their ecological roles were studied, the decline of marine apex predators is still unfolding. Large sharks in particular have experienced rapid declines over the last decades. In this study, we review the documented changes in exploited elasmobranch communities in coastal, demersal, and pelagic habitats, and synthesize the effects of sharks on their prey and wider communities. We show that the high natural diversity and abundance of sharks is vulnerable to even light fishing pressure. The decline of large predatory sharks reduces natural mortality in a range of prey, contributing to changes in abundance, distribution, and behaviour of small elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and sea turtles that have few other predators. Through direct predation and behavioural modifications, top-down effects of sharks have led to cascading changes in some coastal ecosystems. In demersal and pelagic communities, there is increasing evidence of mesopredator release, but cascading effects are more hypothetical. Here, fishing pressure on mesopredators may mask or even reverse some ecosystem effects. In conclusion, large sharks can exert strong top-down forces with the potential to shape marine communities over large spatial and temporal scales. Yet more empirical evidence is needed to test the generality of these effects throughout the ocean.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01489.x

Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean.

Overview and Background Size-Based Methods of Stock Assessment for Applications to Tropical Artisanal Fisheries Coral Reef Fishery Sampling Methods Sampling Methods for Assessment of Tropical Fisheries in Developing Countries The Application of Some Acoustic Methods for the Assessment of Tropical Artisanal Fisheries Age Determination in Biology: A Perspective on Methods and Applications to Stock Assessment The Application of Time Series Analysis to Fisheries Population Assessment and Modeling Empirical Methods and Models for Multispecies Stock Assessment A System Science Approach to Fisheries Stock Assessment and Management References Annexes Index

Stock Assessment: Quantitative Methods and Applications for Small Scale Fisheries

Several life history traits of sharks result in juveniles being particularly vulnerable to exploitation. However, population level impacts of harvests on juvenile sharks have not been well quantifi...

Conservation and management of exploited shark populations based on reproductive value

How to partition a finite amount of energy into progeny is an important issue in evolutionary biology. Salmonids produce a small number of large eggs compared with other teleost fishes, and there are positive correlations between female size and both the size and number of eggs produced. We examined the temporal variation in reproductive investment (gonad mass, fecundity, and egg size) of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha at the University of Washington hatchery over the last three to five decades. During this period, fish growth rates in freshwater and at sea varied greatly, allowing us to test the hypotheses that rapid early growth rate results in high fecundity and that hatchery populations evolve high fecundity over time. In the coho salmon, reductions in length, condition factor, and size-adjusted fecundity over the past decades combined to reduce overall average fecundity to only about half its former level. In Chinook salmon, age at maturity decreased as sm...

Influences of freshwater and marine growth on the egg size-egg number tradeoff in coho and Chinook salmon

Management and conservation of the North Atlantic blue shark are handicapped by a fishery-data-limited stock-assessment process. The status of this stock is ambiguous at a time when catch appears to be on the rise and new trade and exploitation patterns are emerging. This research provides fishery-independent demographic and risk analysis results for use in conservation and management. An age-structured matrix population model in which the vital rates are stochastic was constructed. A mean finite rate of population increase (λ) of 1.23 year–1 and a mean population doubling time (t2) of 3.08 years suggests that the blue shark is one of the most productive shark species. However, this concept of high productivity could be misleading because an elasticity analysis shows a strong dependence of the population growth rate on the survival of juveniles (0–4 years). An analysis of the risk that the harvested population will decline to levels below an assumed threshold of 50% of pre-exploited levels was conducted. The risk analysis is proposed as a supplement to the data-limited stock assessment, to better evaluate the probability that a given management strategy will put the population at risk of decline.

Vincent F. Gallucci

Papers

Stock Assessment: Quantitative Methods and Applications for Small Scale Fisheries

Conservation and management of exploited shark populations based on reproductive value

Influences of freshwater and marine growth on the egg size-egg number tradeoff in coho and Chinook salmon

Demographic and risk analyses applied to management and conservation of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean

A historical index of abundance for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the western North Atlantic