A new Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is presented. This new approach consists of sifting an ensemble of white noise-added signal (data) and treats the mean as the final true result. Finite, not infinitesimal, amplitude white noise is necessary to force the ensemble to exhaust all possible solutions in the sifting process, thus making the different scale signals to collate in the proper intrinsic mode functions (IMF) dictated by the dyadic filter banks. As EEMD is a time–space analysis method, the added white noise is averaged out with sufficient number of trials; the only persistent part that survives the averaging process is the component of the signal (original data), which is then treated as the true and more physical meaningful answer. The effect of the added white noise is to provide a uniform reference frame in the time–frequency space; therefore, the added noise collates the portion of the signal of comparable scale in one IMF. With this ensemble mean, one can separate scales naturall...

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Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: a noise-assisted data analysis method

Time--frequency feature representation using energy concentration: An overview of recent advances

Hydrological time series forecasting is one of the most important applications in modern hydrology, especially for effective reservoir management. In this research, the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model coupled with the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is presented for forecasting annual runoff time series. First, the original annual runoff time series is decomposed into a finite and often small number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residual series using EEMD technique for a deep insight into the data characteristics. Then each IMF component and residue is forecasted, respectively, through an appropriate ARIMA model. Finally, the forecasted results of the modeled IMFs and residual series are summed to formulate an ensemble forecast for the original annual runoff series. Three annual runoff series from Biuliuhe reservoir, Dahuofang reservoir and Mopanshan reservoir, in China, are investigated using developed model based on the four standard statistical performance evaluation measures (RMSE, MAPE, R and NSEC). The results obtained in this work indicate that EEMD can effectively enhance forecasting accuracy and that the proposed EEMD-ARIMA model can significantly improve ARIMA time series approaches for annual runoff time series forecasting.

Improving Forecasting Accuracy of Annual Runoff Time Series Using ARIMA Based on EEMD Decomposition

Computerized room acoustics modeling has been practiced for almost 50 years up to date. These modeling techniques play an important role in room acoustic design nowadays, often including auralization, but can also help in the construction of virtual environments for such applications as computer games, cognitive research, and training. This overview describes the main principles, landmarks in the development, and state-of-the-art for techniques that are based on geometrical acoustics principles. A focus is given to their capabilities to model the different aspects of sound propagation: specular vs diffuse reflections, and diffraction.

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Overview of geometrical room acoustic modeling techniques

Phased microphone arrays have become a well-established tool for performing aeroacoustic measurements in wind tunnels (both open-jet and closed-section), flying aircraft, and engine test beds. This paper provides a review of the most well-known and state-of-the-art acoustic imaging methods and recommendations on when to use them. Several exemplary results showing the performance of most methods in aeroacoustic applications are included. This manuscript provides a general introduction to aeroacoustic measurements for non-experienced microphone-array users as well as a broad overview for general aeroacoustic experts.

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A review of acoustic imaging methods using phased microphone arrays

This paper presents an alternative model for predicting the reverberant sound field in empty rooms with diffusely reflecting boundaries, based on the generalization and the numerical implementation of a diffusion equation for the energy density. The paper focuses on the source term and the boundary conditions of the diffusion equation, both for the steady state and the time-varying state, in order to make computational use of the model. In addition, theoretical analysis of the diffusion equation shows that the diffusion model may be considered as an extension of the classical theory of reverberation to nondiffuse sound fields. The numerical model is first applied to a cubic room and shows a very good agreement with statistical theory. Two numerical applications are also given for a long room and a flat room; results are in good agreement with numerical results from a ray-tracing software. The main advantage of the present model is its capability to be applied regardless of the complexity of the room shape...

On the use of a diffusion equation for room-acoustic prediction

A numerical model is proposed to predict the reverberant sound field in a system of two coupled volumes that are connected through an open aperture. The model is based on the numerical implementation of a diffusion model that has already been applied to predict the sound-energy distribution and the sound decay in single rooms. In comparison with the statistical theory, the proposed approach permits the prediction of the sound field by taking into account the sound source location and the receiver locations as well as the transition from one room to the other at the coupling aperture. Moreover, the diffusion model results match satisfactorily the experimental data in terms of sound-pressure level and reverberation times, both in the room containing the source and in the receiving room. Simulations with a ray-based model are also carried out, leading to results similar to those of the diffusion model, but at a cost of larger computation times.

On the use of a diffusion model for acoustically coupled rooms

Three-dimensional beamforming of dipolar aeroacoustic sources

The possibility of using the time-reversal technique to localize acoustic sources in a wind-tunnel flow is investigated. While the technique is widespread, it has scarcely been used in aeroacoustics up to now. The proposed method consists of two steps: in a first experimental step, the acoustic pressure fluctuations are recorded over a linear array of microphones; in a second numerical step, the experimental data are time-reversed and used as input data for a numerical code solving the linearized Euler equations. The simulation achieves the back-propagation of the waves from the array to the source and takes into account the effect of the mean flow on sound propagation. The ability of the method to localize a sound source in a typical wind-tunnel flow is first demonstrated using simulated data. A generic experiment is then set up in an anechoic wind tunnel to validate the proposed method with a flow at Mach number 0.11. Monopolar sources are first considered that are either monochromatic or have a narrow or wide-band frequency content. The source position estimation is well-achieved with an error inferior to the wavelength. An application to a dipolar sound source shows that this type of source is also very satisfactorily characterized.

Experimental localization of an acoustic sound source in a wind-tunnel flow by using a numerical time-reversal technique.

Acoustic velocity measurements in the air by means of laser Doppler velocimetry : Dynamic and frequency range limitations and signal processing improvements

Vincent Valeau

Papers

On the use of a diffusion equation for room-acoustic prediction

On the use of a diffusion model for acoustically coupled rooms

Three-dimensional beamforming of dipolar aeroacoustic sources

Experimental localization of an acoustic sound source in a wind-tunnel flow by using a numerical time-reversal technique.

Acoustic velocity measurements in the air by means of laser Doppler velocimetry : Dynamic and frequency range limitations and signal processing improvements