Méthodes : Sur une série de 31 femmes présentant des varices périnéales d’origine extrasaphéniennes ayant bénéficié d’une exploration radiologique veineuse pelvienne et de l’embolisation des veines incontinentes nous avons étudié les résultats et les corrélations anatomo-clinique entre les varices et les signes cliniques de l’insuffisance veineuse pelvienne. Un sous-groupe B de 23 patientes présentant une insuffisance veineuse pelvienne et des signes cliniques a été comparé à un groupe A de 4 patientes qui ne présentaient pas d’insuffisance veineuse pelvienne à l’exploration. Nous avons choisi d’étudier 3 signes cliniques : la douleur pelvienne et la douleur des membres inférieurs survenant au début ou pendant les règles ainsi que la dyspareunie. La symptomatologie a été évaluée sur une échelle analogique de 0 à 10 et un score clinique (de 0 à 30) a été établi en ajoutant ces 3 chiffres.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02973687.pdf

Références bibliographiques: La fibroscopie bronchique

Maps depict natural and human-induced changes on earth at a fine resolution for large areas and over long periods of time. In addition, maps—especially historical maps—are often the only information source about the earth as surveyed using geodetic techniques. In order to preserve these unique documents, increasing numbers of digital map archives have been established, driven by advances in software and hardware technologies. Since the early 1980s, researchers from a variety of disciplines, including computer science and geography, have been working on computational methods for the extraction and recognition of geographic features from archived images of maps (digital map processing). The typical result from map processing is geographic information that can be used in spatial and spatiotemporal analyses in a Geographic Information System environment, which benefits numerous research fields in the spatial, social, environmental, and health sciences. However, map processing literature is spread across a broad range of disciplines in which maps are included as a special type of image. This article presents an overview of existing map processing techniques, with the goal of bringing together the past and current research efforts in this interdisciplinary field, to characterize the advances that have been made, and to identify future research directions and opportunities.

A Survey of Digital Map Processing Techniques

Document Image Analysis

The recognition of symbols in graphic documents is an intensive research activity in the community of pattern recognition and document analysis. A key issue in the interpretation of maps, engineering drawings, diagrams, etc. is the recognition of domain dependent symbols according to a symbol database. In this work we first review the most outstanding symbol recognition methods from two different points of view: application domains and pattern recognition methods. In the second part of the paper, open and unaddressed problems involved in symbol recognition are described, analyzing their current state of art and discussing future research challenges. Thus, issues such as symbol representation, matching, segmentation, learning, scalability of recognition methods and performance evaluation are addressed in this work. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of symbol recognition concerning to new paradigms such as user interfaces in handheld computers or document database and WWW indexing by graphical content.

/pdf/symbol-recognition-current-advances-and-perspectives-42x01swegv.pdf

Symbol Recognition: Current Advances and Perspectives

Accurate and efficient vectorization of line drawings is essential for their higher level processing. We present a thinningless sparse pixel vectorization (SPV) algorithm. Rather than visiting all the points along the wire's black area, SPV sparsely visits selected medial axis points. The result is a crude polyline, which is refined through polygonal approximation by removing redundant points. Due to the sparseness of pixel examination and the use of a specialized data structure, SPV is both time efficient and accurate, as evaluated by our proposed performance evaluation criteria.

Sparse pixel vectorization: an algorithm and its performance evaluation

A system for the automatic acquisition of land register maps is described. The system converts paper-based documents into digital form for integration into an existing database. Processing a map begins with its digitization by a scanning device. A key step in the system is the conversion from raster format to graph representation, a special binary image format suitable for processing line structures. Subsequent steps include vectorization of the line structures and recognition of the symbols interspersed in the drawing. The system requires operator interaction only to resolve ambiguities and correct errors in the automatic processes. The final result is a set of descriptors for all detected map entities, which is then stored in a database. It is shown that the image representation, vectorization techniques, and optical character recognition subsystem are quite general and that the methodology implemented in the system can be generalized to the acquisition of other classes of line drawings. >

An interpretation system for land register maps

Presents a technique for the detection and separation of symbols connected to graphics in line drawings. The approach is based on a special image representation, that the authors call graph representation. The graph representation is especially convenient for line-like images, since it decomposes the line structure into 'edges' and 'nodes', that formalise the intuitive notions of 'line' and 'crossing point between lines'. In this way, well-known algorithms from graph theory can be used. The graph is searched for characteristic sub-graphs, revealing the presence of symbols or noisy objects overlapping lines. Each symbol candidate is accurately processed, in order to make the area of its connection to lines as regular as possible. Actually, two different algorithms have been designed to perform this task: one for symbols crossing lines and the other for symbols only touching lines. Both of them are rotation invariant. >

Detection and separation of symbols connected to graphics in line drawings

In this paper, a methodology to extract the constituent parts from a noisy line drawing is presented. The image is decomposed into primitives and a heuristic search is performed to identify meaningful aggregates of primitives. Separation of overlapping entities and robustness against noise were the principal objectives of the project while object-oriented programming allowed us to design a system very flexible to change and additions. Results of experimentation on different types of objects are reported.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Automatic extraction of objects from technical drawings

In this paper, we present a system for singling out character strings from line drawings. Characters, candidate according to a preliminary selection, are replaced with rectangles preserving information about character size, position and orientation. Rectangles are clustered on the basis of a set of criteria. Each cluster is seen as a graph whose nodes represent rectangles, while arcs represent their possible connections, established on the basis of properly defined visibility criteria. Strings within clusters are searched, in a proper state space, according to a hierarchy derived from the knowledge of the problem, injected by means of models representing the most common configurations of strings in terms of their topological and geometrical properties. The system is implemented in an object-oriented fashion. Experimental results on a large set of documents of different types are reported.

Vincenzo Consorti

Papers

An interpretation system for land register maps

Detection and separation of symbols connected to graphics in line drawings

Automatic extraction of objects from technical drawings

An interpretation system for land register maps

Knowledge based search of character strings in line drawings