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Physiology of Fungi

Enzymes are known to catalyze reactions at high efficiency, operate at milder conditions and are biodegradable. Due to enzyme limitations such as sensitivity to environmental conditions, enzyme immobilization is often used. The commonly employed immobilization methods include adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking. Many research works have now focused on the immobilization of enzymes on nanoscale support due to the higher surface area to volume ratio, effective enzyme loading, significantly enhanced mass transfer efficiency and minimization of diffusional problems. The application of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in the treatment of dye wastewater is thus, of high interest. Therefore, this paper has critically reviewed (1) the current technologies available for dye wastewater treatment; (2) different methods utilized for enzyme immobilization; and (3) the application and performance of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology for dye wastewater treatment. We identified that there is high potential for enzyme incorporated nanotechnology to be implemented in dye wastewater treatment due to the high decolorization performance (e.g. laccase immobilized on Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles achieved 99% decolorization of Procion Red MX-5B in 20 min). We have also identified the key challenges faced by enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment that includes: (i) realization of lab scale experiments to industrial applications; (ii) lack of understanding of enzymes incorporated nanotechnology; (iii) recovery of immobilized enzyme; (iv) synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers; and (v) sustainability of the nanomaterials used.

Potential and challenges of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment: A review

Mycoremediation: Expunging environmental pollutants.

Bioremediation through biotechnological interventions has attracted more attention among researchers in field of environmental pollution control and abatement. Various cutting-edge studies in area of protein engineering and synthetic biology offer a new platform for creation of innovative, advanced biological materials for its beneficial role in environmental pollution mitigation. Biocatalysis especially receives considerable attention as sustainable approach to resource recovery from waste along with elimination of pollutants. This paper focuses on updated developments in engineering of biocatalytic substances which can degrade pollutants of emerging concern. It also explains various classes of biocatalysts, their mechanisms of immobilization, and applications in terms of environmental pollutant remediation. Opportunities and challenges for future research have also been discussed.

/pdf/engineering-biocatalytic-material-for-the-remediation-of-3hojnitvou.pdf

Engineering biocatalytic material for the remediation of pollutants: A comprehensive review

Among the different contaminants, detergent as an important pollutant has serious risks to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, detergents can pass into the wastewater treatment plants and have bad effect on their performance. They are part of human life and consumed for different aims especially hygienic purposes. Therefore, detergent components can enter to soil and water bodies from different sources. Detergents affect fauna and flora, and they have direct and indirect effects on ecosystems. Eutrophication, foaming, and altering parameters such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, and pH are more important, and their effects need to be managed and controlled. Researchers confirmed that aerobic processes are able to degrade the most of detergents but anaerobic degradation is not possible because of restricted metabolic pathways and toxicity of them. Therefore, production of environment-friendly detergent is an important issue around the world. Graphical abstract.

Effects of detergents on natural ecosystems and wastewater treatment processes: a review

Potential of pure and mixed cultures of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Geotrichum candidum for application in bioremediation and detergent industry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the biological and chemical activity of the two fungi species, genus Penicillium, isolated from wastewater. For the selected species of fungi, different antioxidant activity assays were used: DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, Fe 2+ -chelating ability and Fe 3+ -reducing power. Total phenolic content was also determined for ethanolic extract of mycelia. Penicillium chrysogenum ethanolic extract contained higher total phenolic content and better total antioxidant capacity as well as ferrous ion chelating ability. Penicillium fumiculosum ethanolic extract showed higher DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, as well as reducing power. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that two types of fungi are potential new sources of natural antioxidants.

/pdf/antioxidant-activity-of-ethanolic-extract-of-penicillium-1nyjholk4f.pdf

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium fumiculosum

The degradation of detergents that are dispersed in water and soil partially
 depends on the metabolic activities of fungi. Among the fungi that have this
 ability, Deuteromycetes are particularly noted for their biochemical
 characteristics. Taking this into account, it was of interest to analyze the
 influence of detergent and its main compounds, ethoxyled oleylcetyl alcohol
 (AOC) and sodium tripoly-phosphate (TTP), on the metabolism of the fungus
 Trichothecium roseum. Our results revealed that both detergent and AOC had an
 inhibitory effect on the bioproduction of free organic acids, while TTP
 stimulated their production. Also, detergent inhibited the bioproduction of
 basic amino acids, with the exception of alanine. In addition, detergent
 applied at 1% concentration inhibited the bioproduction of proteins and the
 total biomass of the fungus, while AOC and TTP inhibited the production of
 proteins, but stimulatedl the production of Trichothecium.

/pdf/the-effects-of-detergent-sodium-tripoly-phosphate-and-21oxaola7s.pdf

THE EFFECTS OF DETERGENT, SODIUM TRIPOLY-PHOSPHATE AND ETHOXYLED OLEYL-CETYL ALCOHOL ON METABOLIC PARAMETERS OF THE FUNGUS TrichoThecium roseum LINK

The potential application of fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai in
 biodegradation of commercial detergent (MERIX, Henkel, Serbia) was in the
 focus of this study. The fungus was isolated from wastewater samples of the
 Rasina River, downstream where the industrial wastewaters of factory Henkel
 (Krusevac, Serbia) discharge into river. The fungus was cultivated in liquid
 growth medium by Czapek with addition of detergent at a concentration of
 0.3% during 16 days. Analysis of fermentation broth evaluated the chemical
 and biochemical changes of pH, redox potential, activity of alkaline and
 acid invertase as well as activity of alkaline protease. In addition, the
 influence of detergent on fungal growth and total dry weight biomass was
 determined. At the same time, detergent disappearance in terms of methylene
 blue active substances in the medium was measured. The detergent at a
 concentration of 0.3% influenced significant decrease of pH value and
 increase of redox potential. The detergent showed inhibitory effect on acid
 invertase activity and stimulatory effect on alkaline invertase and protease
 activity. The fungus decomposed about 74.24% of tested detergent during 16
 days, but total dry weight biomass reduced about 20% in relation to control.
 [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 43004]

/pdf/the-potential-application-of-fungus-trichoderma-harzianum-277u9cubfg.pdf

The potential application of fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai in biodegradation of detergent and industry

The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanolic,
 acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Ruscus hypoglossum L. and Ruscus
 aculeatus L. (aerial parts) from Serbia were investigated in this paper. The
 best total antioxidant capacity (23.329 μg AA g-1) and the highest DPPH
 scavenging activity (IC50 = 182.54 μg mL-1) were found in acetone and ethyl
 acetate extract of R. aculeatus L. Ethanolic extract of R. hypoglossum L.
 showed the highest ABTS radical cation scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.04 μg
 mL-1) as well as reducing power (IC50 = 0.143 μg mL-1). The best inhibitory
 activity against lipid peroxidation (IC50 =651 μg mL-1) and the best ferrous
 ion chelating ability (IC50 = 110 μg mL-1) were found in acetone and ethyl
 acetate extract of R. hypoglossum L. The highest total phenolic (8.569 mg GAE
 g-1) and flavonoid content (0.136 mg RU g-1) were found in ethanolic and
 acetone extract of R. hypoglossum L. and R. aculeatus L, respectively.
 [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 43004]

/pdf/antioxidant-activity-of-ruscus-species-from-serbia-potential-43a4ivlgxz.pdf

Violeta D. Jakovljević

Papers

Potential of pure and mixed cultures of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Geotrichum candidum for application in bioremediation and detergent industry.

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium fumiculosum

THE EFFECTS OF DETERGENT, SODIUM TRIPOLY-PHOSPHATE AND ETHOXYLED OLEYL-CETYL ALCOHOL ON METABOLIC PARAMETERS OF THE FUNGUS TrichoThecium roseum LINK

The potential application of fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai in biodegradation of detergent and industry

Antioxidant activity of Ruscus species from Serbia; Potential new sources of natural antioxidants