The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Ethnicity without Groups 2. Beyond "Identity" 3. Ethnicity as Cognition 4. Ethnic and Nationalist Violence 5. The Return of Assimilation? 6. "Civic" and "Ethnic" Nationalism 7. Ethnicity, Migration, and Statehood in Post-Cold War Europe 8. 1848 in 1998: The Politics of Commemoration in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia Notes References Index

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Ethnicity without Groups

▪ Abstract In recent years, the concept of boundaries has been at the center of influential research agendas in anthropology, history, political science, social psychology, and sociology. This article surveys some of these developments while describing the value added provided by the concept, particularly concerning the study of relational processes. It discusses literatures on (a) social and collective identity; (b) class, ethnic/racial, and gender/sex inequality; (c) professions, knowledge, and science; and (d) communities, national identities, and spatial boundaries. It points to similar processes at work across a range of institutions and social locations. It also suggests paths for further developments, focusing on the relationship between social and symbolic boundaries, cultural mechanisms for the production of boundaries, difference and hybridity, and cultural membership and group classifications.

The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences

Michel Foucault's History of Sexuality has been one of the most influential books of the last two decades. It has had an enormous impact on cultural studies and work across many disciplines on gender, sexuality, and the body. Bringing a new set of questions to this key work, Ann Laura Stoler examines volume one of History of Sexuality in an unexplored light. She asks why there has been such a muted engagement with this work among students of colonialism for whom issues of sexuality and power are so essential. Why is the colonial context absent from Foucault's history of a European sexual discourse that for him defined the bourgeois self? In Race and the Education of Desire, Stoler challenges Foucault's tunnel vision of the West and his marginalization of empire. She also argues that this first volume of History of Sexuality contains a suggestive if not studied treatment of race. Drawing on Foucault's little-known 1976 College de France lectures, Stoler addresses his treatment of the relationship between biopower, bourgeois sexuality, and what he identified as "racisms of the state." In this critical and historically grounded analysis based on cultural theory and her own extensive research in Dutch and French colonial archives, Stoler suggests how Foucault's insights have in the past constrained-and in the future may help shape-the ways we trace the genealogies of race. Race and the Education of Desire will revise current notions of the connections between European and colonial historiography and between the European bourgeois order and the colonial treatment of sexuality. Arguing that a history of European nineteenth-century sexuality must also be a history of race, it will change the way we think about Foucault.

Race and the education of desire

CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 37, Number 5, December 1996 CI 1996 by The Wenne1-Gren Foundation for Anthropologi~l Research. All rights reserved OOI1-3204/96/370~:-OOO2S3.00 Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making Immigrants Negotiate Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States' by Aihwa Ong This paper views cultural citizenship as a process of self-making and being-made in relation to nation-states and transnational pro­ cesses. Whereas some scholars claim that racism has been re­ placed by cultural fundamentalism in defining who belongs or does not belong in Western democracies, this essay argues that hierarchical schemes of racial and cultural difference intersect in a complex, contingent way to locate minorities of color from dif­ ferent class backgrounds. Comparing the experiences of rich and poor Asian immigrants to the United States, I discuss institu­ tional practices whereby nonwhite immigrants in the First World are simultaneously, though unevenly, subjected to twO processes of normalization: an ideological whitening or blackening that re­ flects dominant racial oppositions and an assessment of cultural competence based on imputed human capital and consumer power in the minority subject. Immigrants from Asia or poorer countries must daily negotiate the lines of difference established by state agencies as well as groups in civil society. A subsidiary point is that, increasingly, such modalities of citizen-making are influenced by transnational capitalism. Depending on their loca­ tions in the global economy, some immigrants of color have greater access than others to key institutions in state and civil society. Global citizenship thus-eonfers citizenship privileges in Western democracies to a degree that may help the immigrant to scale racial and cultwal heights but not to circumvent Status hi­ erarchy based on racial dUference. AIHWA ONG is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the Uni­ versity of California, Berkeley IBerkeley, Calif. 94720, U.S.A. I. She has conducted ethnographic research in Malaysia, South China, and California and is currently working on citizenship, economic restructuring and uansnational publics. She is the au­ thor of Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Facrory Women in Malaysia IAlbany: State University of New York Press, 19871 and the coeditor, with Michael G. Peletz, of Be­ witchmg Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in South­ east Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 19951 and, with Don NOnioi, of Edges of Empire: Culture and Identity in Modern Chinese TransnaUonalism INew York: Routledge, in pressl. The present paper was submitted n 1 96 and accepted 18 1 96; the final version reached the Editor's office 4 1II 96. In the fall of r970, I left Malaysia and arrived as a fresh­ man in New York City. I was immediately swept up in the antiwar movement. President Nixon had just begun his secret bombing of Cambodia. Joining crowds of angry students marching down Broadway, I paIticipated in the takeover of the East Asian Institute building on the Columbia University campus. As I stood there confronting policemen in riot gear, I thought about what Southeast Asia meant to the United States. Were South­ east Asians simply an anonymous mass of people in black pajamas? Southeast Asia was a faI-off place where America was conducting a savage war against commu­ nism. American lives were being lost, and so were those of countless Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians, and others. This rite of passage into American society was to shape my attitude towaId citizenship. As a for­ eign student I was at a disadvantage, ineligible for most loans, fellowships, and jobs. My sister, a naturalized American, could have sponsored me for a green card, but the bombing of Cambodia, symptomatic of widet disregard for my part of the world, made American citi­ zenship a difficult mo,.l issue for me. Much writing on citizenship has ignored such subjec­ tive and contradictory experiences, focusing instead on its broad legal-political aspects. For instance, Thomas Marshall (r9501 defines citizenship as a question of mo­ dernity, but he identifies it primarily in terms of the evolution of civil society and the working out of the tensions between the sovereign subject and solidarity in a nation-state. Other scholars have pointed to the con­ tradiction between democratic citizenship and capital­ ism-the opposition between abstract, universalistic rights and the inequalities engendered by market com­ petition, race, and immigration (Hall and Held r989, Potles and Rumbaut r 9901. But these approaches seldom examine how the universalistic criteria of democratic citizenship variously regulate different categories of sub­ jects or how these subjects' locatio!U>'ithin the nation­ state and within the global economy conditions the con­ struction of their citizenship. Indeed, even studies of citizenship that take into account the effects on it of capital accumulation and consumption have been con­ cerned with potential sltategies for political change to remake civil society (Yudice t995). Seldom is attention focused on the everyday processes whereby people, espe­ cially immigrants, aIe made into subjects of a particulaI nation-state. If Citizenship as Subjectification Taking an ethnographic approach, I consider Clllzen­ ship a cultural process of subject-ification,1I in the Fou­ caldian sense of self-making and being-made by power relations that produce consent through schemes of surveillance, discipline, control, and administration (Foucault t989, 199tl. Thus formulated, my concept of cultural cilizenship can be applied to various global con­ texts (see Ong r993, Ong and Nonini t996), but in this papel I will discu'ss the making of cultural citizens in 1. I received a fellowship from the Rockefeller Gender Roles Pro­ gram for research on Cambodian refugees and cultural citizenship. I thank Brackette Williams and Katharyn Poethig for their com­ ments on earlier drafts of the paper and Kathleen Erwin for proof­ readinR the flnal version.

Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making

"An unusual and powerful study"--Eric R Wolf, Herbert H Lehman College, CUNY "A profound study of the nebulous Creoles    Dominguez's use of original sources    is scholarship at its best    Her study is fascinating, thought-provoking, controversial, and without a doubt, one of the most objective analyses of Creole Louisiana Her emphasis on social stratification and her excellent integration of ethnic and racial classification of Creoles with legal and social dynamics and individual choice of ethnic identity elucidates strikingly the continuing controversy of who and what is a Louisiana Creole"--Journal of American Ethnic History "Dominguez's most important contribution lies in her conceptualization of the problem of identity She treats ethnic identity as something that can change over time, warning us against imposing current meanings on the past and requiring us to consider evidence of how terms were actually used in the past    It is hard to imagine a frame of reference more ideally suited to historical analysis"--Louisiana History "A valuable interdisciplinary examination of the processes of racial definition in Louisiana's history Her study combines the anthropologist's sensitivity to language and self definition within a community with a skillful exploitation of historical sources"--Law and Society "I highly recommend this book to all persons interested in social stratification"--Alvin L Bertrand, Contemporary Sociology "A vivid and insightful reading of the historical circumstances that have shaped definitions of Creoles within Louisiana law and society"--Journal of Southern History "A provocative, often brilliant book It offers fresh perspectives on fundamental questions and deserves a wide readership among American social historians"--Journal of American History

White By Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana

White By Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana.

Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization

THIS ESSAY ARGUES FOR A CONCERTED EFFORT THROUGHOUT THE American studies1 scholarly community to embrace actively a paradigm of critical internationalism as we move into the next century. While we support the many current initiatives in this direction by the leadership of the American Studies Association and the Organization of American Historians, we urge our colleagues throughout the United States to make this paradigmatic shift a priority. Drawing on the work of Benjamin Lee and others, we define critical internationalism as more than internationalization. By critical internationalism we mean a conceptual orientation that resituates the United States in a global context on a number of terrains simultaneously: in terms of the scholarship that gets read, written, and cited and, most importantly, in the ways scholars conceive of new directions for formulating research. Over the past two decades a powerful body of work investigating concepts of social difference in relation to representation and social power has developed in the United States and spread well beyond the academy.2 We ourselves have participated in the dialogue, contributed to its scholarship, and engaged in debates within it.3 In American studies scholarship, these developments have emerged most strongly in areas denoted as "cultural studies" and "multiculturalism." We are

Virginia R. Dominguez

Papers

Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making

White By Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana

White By Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana.

Creole New Orleans: Race and Americanization

Resituating American Studies in a Critical Internationalism