Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

2. GRAVITY 7. MICROSCOPIC PHYSICS 13. TOPOLOGY OF DEFECTS 18. ANOMALOUS NON-CONSERVATION OF FERMIONIC CHARGE 22. EDGE STATES AND FERMION ZERO MODES ON SOLITON 26. LANDAU CRITICAL VELOCITY 29. CASIMIR EFFECT AND VACUUM ENERGY

The Universe in a Helium Droplet

How do closed quantum many-body systems driven out of equilibrium eventually achieve equilibration? And how do these systems thermalize, given that they comprise so many degrees of freedom? Progress in answering these—and related—questions has accelerated in recent years—a trend that can be partially attributed to success with experiments performing quantum simulations using ultracold atoms and trapped ions. Here we provide an overview of this progress, specifically in studies probing dynamical equilibration and thermalization of systems driven out of equilibrium by quenches, ramps and periodic driving. In doing so, we also address topics such as the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, typicality, transport, many-body localization and universality near phase transitions, as well as future prospects for quantum simulation. Statistical mechanics is adept at describing the equilibria of quantum many-body systems. But drive these systems out of equilibrium, and the physics is far from clear. Recent advances have broken new ground in probing these equilibration processes.

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Quantum many-body systems out of equilibrium

After reviewing the ideal Bose-Einstein gas in a box and in a harmonic trap, the effect of interactions on the formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate are discussed, along with the dynamics of small-amplitude perturbations (the Bogoliubov equations). When the condensate rotates with angular velocity $\ensuremath{\Omega}$, one or several vortices nucleate, leading to many observable consequences. With more rapid rotation, the vortices form a dense triangular array, and the collective behavior of these vortices has additional experimental implications. For $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ near the radial trap frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the lowest-Landau-level approximation becomes applicable, providing a simple picture of such rapidly rotating condensates. Eventually, as $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the rotating dilute gas is expected to undergo a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to various highly correlated (nonsuperfluid) states analogous to those familiar from the fractional quantum Hall effect for electrons in a strong perpendicular magnetic field.

Rotating trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

A central goal in condensed matter and modern atomic physics is the exploration of quantum phases of matter--in particular, how the universal characteristics of zero-temperature quantum phase transitions differ from those established for thermal phase transitions at non-zero temperature. Compared to conventional condensed matter systems, atomic gases provide a unique opportunity to explore quantum dynamics far from equilibrium. For example, gaseous spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (whose atoms have non-zero internal angular momentum) are quantum fluids that simultaneously realize superfluidity and magnetism, both of which are associated with symmetry breaking. Here we explore spontaneous symmetry breaking in 87Rb spinor condensates, rapidly quenched across a quantum phase transition to a ferromagnetic state. We observe the formation of spin textures, ferromagnetic domains and domain walls, and demonstrate phase-sensitive in situ detection of spin vortices. The latter are topological defects resulting from the symmetry breaking, containing non-zero spin current but no net mass current.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor Bose–Einstein condensate

| openaire: EC/H2020/694248/EU//TOPVAC Funding Information: We thank V. V. Dmitriev for providing the NAFEN sample. This Letter has been supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 694248) and by Academy of Finland Project No. 332964. S. A. acknowledges support from the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation via the Council of Finnish Foundations, and T. K. acknowledges support from the Finnish Cultural Foundation. This research made use of the OtaNano Low Temperature Laboratory infrastructure of Aalto University, which is part of the European Microkelvin Platform (European Union’s Horizon 2020 Grant No. 824109). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American Physical Society.

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Suppressing the Kibble-Zurek Mechanism by a Symmetry-Violating Bias

In pure superfluid 3He–B at ultra-low temperatures, the quartz tuning fork oscillator response is expected to saturate when the dissipation caused by the superfluid medium becomes substantially smaller than the internal dissipation of the oscillator. However, even with a small amount of 4He covering the surfaces, we have observed saturation already at significantly higher temperatures than anticipated, where we have other indicators to prove that the 3He liquid is still cooling. We found that this anomalous behavior has a rather strong pressure dependence, and it practically disappears above the crystallization pressure of 4He. We also observed a maximum in the fork resonance frequency at temperatures where the transition in quasiparticle flow from the hydrodynamic to the ballistic regime is expected. We suggest that such anomalous features derive from the superfluid 4He film on the oscillator surface.

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Effects of 4He Film on Quartz Tuning Forks in 3He at Ultra-low Temperatures

We can pump magnons to a nearly harmonic magneto-textural trap in superfluid $^3$He-B. Using the NMR spectroscopy of levels in the trap we have measured the anisotropic magnon mass and related values of the spin-wave velocities. Based on our measurements we provide values of the Fermi-liquid parameter $F^a_1$.

Measurements of anisotropic mass of magnons confined in a harmonic trap in superfluid $^3$He-B

The cw NMR response of 3 He-B is investigated in large rf excitation fields, which exceed in magnitude the equivalent of the spin-orbit coupling. New states of stable spin precession are observed. The Leggett-Takagi spin-dynamic equations are solved numerically with the proper experimental parameters, the results are found to reproduce most of the experimental features, and allow an identification of the new modes. Vortex lines or vortex-free counterflow in the rotating superfluid have not been found to influence the measured NMR signatures of the new modes.

New modes of stable spin precession in superfluid 3He-B

Rapidly evolving non-equilibrium phenomena, associated with phase transitions from meta-stable states, provide examples of most complex dynamics. Condensed matter many-particle quantum systems, which are described in terms of a coherent quantum field, are a particularly useful environment for such studies. Among them, the 3He superfluids display the largest variety of topological defects of different dimensionality and structure, owing to the large degree of freedom in the rearrangement of their multi-component p-wave order parameter field. A few measurements exist which monitor the non-equilibrium phase transition dynamics and display defect formation.

Vladimir Eltsov

Papers

Suppressing the Kibble-Zurek Mechanism by a Symmetry-Violating Bias

Effects of 4He Film on Quartz Tuning Forks in 3He at Ultra-low Temperatures

Measurements of anisotropic mass of magnons confined in a harmonic trap in superfluid $^3$He-B

New modes of stable spin precession in superfluid 3He-B

Vortices and other topological defects in non-equilibrium phase transitions of superfluid 3He