s, or keywords if they used Heck-type chemistry in their syntheses, because it became one of basic tools of organic preparations, a natural way to

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck%20reactie%20Beletskaya%20%20Chem.%20Rev.%20003009.pdf

The heck reaction as a sharpening stone of palladium catalysis.

Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001−2011) Jiang Wang,† María Sańchez-Rosello,́‡,§ Jose ́ Luis Aceña, Carlos del Pozo,‡ Alexander E. Sorochinsky, Santos Fustero,*,‡,§ Vadim A. Soloshonok,* and Hong Liu*,† †Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China ‡Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andreś Estelleś, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain Laboratorio de Molećulas Orgańicas, Centro de Investigacioń Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yuf́era 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizab́al 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine

Fluorine in pharmaceutical industry: fluorine-containing drugs introduced to the market in the last decade (2001-2011).

/pdf/aryl-aryl-bond-formation-one-century-after-the-discovery-of-1jdyxlkwix.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction.

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

6.4. Polyynes 3123 6.5. Using R-Hydroxy Stannanes 3124 6.6. Using the Hurtley Reaction 3124 6.7. Using a Methylenation Reaction 3125 7. Conclusions and Future Prospects 3125 8. Uncommon Abbreviations 3125 9. Acknowledgments 3125 10. Note Added in Proof 3125 11. References 3126 * Authorstowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed(evano@chimie.uvsq.fr, nicolas.blanchard@uha.fr). † Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines. ‡ Université de Haute-Alsace. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 3054–3131 3054

Copper-mediated coupling reactions and their applications in natural products and designed biomolecules synthesis.

“All new is well-forgotten old”, the proverb goes. The current “fluorine boom” is news only to a novice in the field: the exceptional importance of fluorinated organic compounds in numerous areas has been known for a long time. The sharpest increase in the number of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals is dated back to 30 years ago. Also around that time (1979), the first monograph devoted to industrial applications of organofluorine compounds was published, covering not only fluorine-containing biologically active materials but also refrigerants, propellants, surfactants, textile chemicals, polymers, and dyes. The increasingly broad realization of the key role of organofluorine compounds in numerous areas has recently attracted many new scientists to the field. The development of new methods for the selective introduction of fluorine and fluorinecontaining groups into organic molecules for biologically active and other useful materials has become a hot area. Over 100 reviews, book chapters, and highlights on this subject have appeared in the literature in the past few years. As citing all of these publications in this review article is impossible, we provide references to only the most recent, general, and comprehensive ones. Molecules bearing a trifluoromethyl group constitute one of the most important classes of selectively fluorinated compounds. As early as 1928, Lehmann reported his observations of biological activity of some trifluoromethylated organic derivatives and already in 1959 Yale published a detailed review article entitled “The Trifluoromethyl Group in Medicinal Chemistry”. Since then, numerous books and reviews have appeared in the literature covering various aspects of trifluoromethylated organic and organometallic compounds. Within this family, derivatives bearing the CF3 group on aromatic rings are particularly numerous and important. Some examples of such compounds used as active ingredients of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals are shown in Scheme 1. Trifluoromethylated building blocks and intermediates are clearly needed to make such molecules. The simplest trifluoromethylated aromatic compound, benzotrifluoride, was originally prepared by Swarts at the end of the 19th century. In his work, Swarts treated benzotrichloride with “two thirds of its weight of antimony fluoride” to obtain a mixture of PhCF2Cl and PhCF3, from which the two were separated and isolated pure by distillation. In the early 1930s, two industrial groups, one from Kinetic Chemicals, Inc. and one from I. G. Farbenindustrie AG patented their discoveries on the successful use of HF instead of SbF3 for the Swarts reaction. These inventions were the starting point for the modern large-scale manufacturing of trifluoromethylated aromatics. Other methods have been developed for conversion of various C1 units on the ring to CF3 with a variety of fluorinating agents. While representing an outstanding discovery and a classic of organic and organofluorine chemistry, the Swarts reaction is nonetheless neither atom-economical nor environmentally benign, as it deals with stoichiometric quantities of hazardous chemicals and generates large amounts of chlorine waste. To convert a CH3 group on the ring to CF3, the methyl is first exhaustively chlorinated to produce 3 equiv of HCl as a

Aromatic Trifluoromethylation with Metal Complexes

Transformations of Chloroarenes, Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Complexes

We have found the first reaction of direct cupration of fluoroform, the most attractive CF3 source for the introduction of the trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules. Treatment of CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) with 2 equiv of MOR (M = K, Na) in DMF or NMP produces novel alkoxycuprates that readily react with CF3H at room temperature and atmospheric pressure to give CuCF3 derivatives. The CuCl and t-BuOK (1:2) combination provides best results, furnishing the CuCF3 product within seconds in nearly quantitative yield. As demonstrated, neither CF3– nor CF2 mediate the Cu–CF3 bond formation, which accounts for its remarkably high selectivity. The fluoroform-derived CuCF3 solutions can be efficiently stabilized with TREAT HF to produce CuCF3 reagents that readily trifluoromethylate organic and inorganic electrophiles in the absence of additional ligands such as phenanthroline. A series of novel Cu(I) complexes have been structurally characterized, including K(DMF)[Cu(OBu-t)2] (1), Na(DMF)2[Cu(OBu-t)2] (2), [K8Cu6(...

Direct Cupration of Fluoroform

matic building blocks are made by a Swarts-type process involving exhaustive chlorination of a methyl group on the ring and subsequent Cl/F exchange on the resultant ArCCl3 with HF. This process deals with hazardous materials and generates large quantities of chlorine waste. An ecologically friendly alternative to the Swarts reaction is the direct introduction of a CF3 group into the desired position on the ring. This has been achieved by coppermediated or -catalyzed and palladium-mediated or -catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aromatic substrates. The most widely utilized are the Cu CF3 reagents, originally discovered by McLoughlin and Thrower and further developed by Kobayashi and Kumadaki for stoichiometric trifluoromethylation of haloarenes. These reagents, which have been known for over 40 years, are still poorly defined, and their structure and composition remain unknown. In their classic report on the F NMR spectroscopy studies of “CuCF3”, Wiemers and Burton [9] identified these compounds as “elusive and complex species”. Understanding mechanisms of trifluoromethylation reactions with Cu reagents is important for further progress in the area. This understanding, however, is hardly conceivable without studies on well-defined CF3 Cu I complexes that can trifluoromethylate aromatic electrophiles. Such complexes are extremely rare, being limited to a few derivatives of only one type of ligand, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Vicic and co-workers have recently prepared a handful of air-sensitive complexes of the type [(NHC)Cu(CF3)] and demonstrated their ability to trifluoromethylate iodoarenes. Air-stable well-defined Cu trifluoromethylating reagents that are easy to make and handle are still unknown. Herein we report a highyielding simple preparation, full characterization, and aromatic trifluoromethylation reactions of [(Ph3P)3Cu(CF3)] (1), a remarkably airstable Cu trifluoromethyl complex. Complex 1 has been previously prepared by Komiya et al. by a multistep route requiring an organocopper reagent. Although microanalytical data and room-temperature NMR (H, F, P) and IR spectroscopic data for 1 have been provided, structural data, solution behavior, and reactivity studies for 1 have not been reported. We have developed the first organocopper-free, exceedingly simple and efficient synthesis of 1 (Scheme 2). It was found that [(Ph3P)3Cu(F)]·2MeOH [13] (2) smoothly reacted

Simple, Stable, and Easily Accessible Well‐Defined CuCF3 Aromatic Trifluoromethylating Agents

Alkali-induced disproportionation of palladium(II) tertiary phosphine complexes, [L2PdCl2], to LO and palladium(O). Key intermediates in the biphasic carbonylation of ArX catalyzed by [L2PdCl2]

Vladimir V. Grushin

Papers

Aromatic Trifluoromethylation with Metal Complexes

Transformations of Chloroarenes, Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Complexes

Direct Cupration of Fluoroform

Simple, Stable, and Easily Accessible Well‐Defined CuCF3 Aromatic Trifluoromethylating Agents

Alkali-induced disproportionation of palladium(II) tertiary phosphine complexes, [L2PdCl2], to LO and palladium(O). Key intermediates in the biphasic carbonylation of ArX catalyzed by [L2PdCl2]